Assessment of CCS Building Structural Cracking

Building cracking is a tough occurrence that affects all structures considering, any building will eventually crack. A building to be structurally sound is not always simple. Also, it is common to number of the building's structural and non-structural components start to reveal fractures as a result of construction errors and other inescapable factors. Thus, it is essential to identify these fissures early and take preventive actions. Diverse restoration techniques and materials are employed depending on the types of cracks and their occurrences within the structure. Some fracture types need to be treated with urgency because they endanger the structure. The study's main concerns are the apparent cracks in the CCS building and how to prevent new cracks from appearing after.

Structural cracks are more significant and require more care because neglecting them results in an unsafe structure.
The study aims to provide an investigation in the field of the analysis in the concrete cracking occurrences of CCS building structure. The analysis of the cracking occurrences will utilized the Principle of Investigating Cracks ( Rajbather, 2017), & (Kumar, 2021) and the American Concrete Institute Standards.

Research Objectives
This study aims to investigate all visible occurrences of cracks in the College of Computer Studies building structure.

1.
What are the causes of the visible appearance of cracks ? i.
Masonry wall ii.
Beam iii.
What are the techniques in curing visible cracks ? i.
Masonry wall ii.
Beam iii.
How can concrete cracks be preventive? i. Masonry wall ii. Beam iii. Column iv. Slab 4.
Identification and Treatment of Cracks occurrences at CCS i.
Masonry wall ii.
Beam iii.
Column iv. Slab

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Concrete is a strong solid substantial material that provides structures the desirable strength, rigidity, and resilience not to yield deformation ( Giatic Scientific, Inc., 2019). However, cracking occurrences in concrete structures appear even in the early years of the structure service life. The lack of flexibility to adapt in response to environmental or dimension changes of concrete ingress cracking. Visible signs of cracking are developed and caused when concrete shows distress. Moreover, long-term shrinkage and loading gradually cause the expansion of cracks during the serviceability of the structure ( Johnson, 2002). Also, a possible deterioration will exist before cracks appear. Consequently, cracking can occur in both hardened and fresh, or plastic, concrete as a result of volume changes and repeated loading (Giatec, Inc. 2019). Though, some field civil engineers, has limited awareness on causes of concrete cracking (Kashyzadeh & Kesheh, 2012). Such, structures should be constructed according to its design and quality specifications to avoid major occurrence of failure. Wherein, restorative work suggests serious damages that is sometimes too costly and unreliable restoration treatment challenges.
Carino, 1995, contributed to some factors affecting the formation of cracks in hardened concrete by providing a model and techniques in predicting behaviors of reinforced concrete members caused by shrinkage cracking. Similarly, a case study of (Matar & Morstead, 1987) implies that the behavior of concrete masonry walls shrinkage has limited consideration where implementation of the following; construction practices, material standards, manufacture, and design specification are contributory to shrinkage cracking. Furthermore, Sivakumar, 2012 found that the cement/total aggregate ratio has a significant impact on plastic shrinkage cracking. The mean crack width does not increase when the waterto-cement ratio rises, but the overall crack length does. Furthermore, for any kind of concrete mix with various water/cement ratios put under real-world site conditions, the crack's maximum width is mild.
Numerous research writers have examined and assessed the cracking patterns of cement composites, and they emphasize the critical significance of the degree of pattern development for the practical qualities and durability of cement composites (Szelag, 2020). However, still very few publications that directly and numerically quantify the relationship between the cracking patterns and the material's mechanical and physical properties. This knowledge appears to be essential for building robust cement composites that would be resistant to cracking and the process of crack development in particular settings). Hence, the study of Mendhi & Ahmad, 2020, suggests that in India their research work focused on checking the causes and evaluation of cracks at every stage in reinforcing concrete structures evaluated that the cracks size and cause of cracks generally occur in plastic and elastic state of concrete.
The repair materials and repair techniques are different depending upon the forms of cracks according to their positions in the structure. Good crack repair methods depend on knowing the cause of cracks and selecting appropriate repair methods that take these causes into account otherwise the repair would not last long evaluation of concrete cracks.
In the Philippines at Villa Milagrosa Townhouses, cracks on masonry walls, concrete slabs, and generally the concrete houses were assessed, investigated, and evaluated and found out from their study that concrete masonry assessment, cracks must be controlled as recommended (Ganiron, Jr., 2016).

III. METHODOLOGY Research Design
The study utilized a descriptive analysis design. The descriptive analysis technique is the foundation of every diagnostic process, and it seeks to answer the question, "What happened?". It accomplishes this by organizing, processing, and analyzing raw data from a variety of sources in order to transform it into useful applications ( Anand, 2021).

Research Locale
The study was conducted at the ESSU-Salcedo Campus, particularly it investigated and examined the occurrence of cracks of the CCS Building Structure.

Respondents of the Study
There are no respondents of the study per say, but the researcher will be exclusively investigating cracks visible surface cracks of the CCS building.

Data Analysis
The study investigated and evaluated all visible existing cracks employing the Principle of Investigating Cracks (

Structural
Overloading P Lack of control joints P Insufficient reinforcement P Depending on the intensity and size of the cracks, the cracking of masonry walls, beams, columns, and slabs can be caused by a variety of things. The following conclusions about the above structural elements' cracking are: 1. Masonry Walls: Cracking can be caused by a variety of factors, such as structural overloading, differential settlement, thermal expansion and contraction, moisture-related problems, or insufficient reinforcement. Masonry wall cracks can jeopardize the walls' structural integrity, raise the danger of moisture intrusion, and affect the building's stability as a whole. To keep the wall stable and functioning, it is essential to properly examine and fix the cracks. 2. Beams and Columns: Inadequate reinforcing, excessive loads, poor building techniques, structural motions, and cracking in beams and columns are only a few causes for this problem. The entire stability of the structure may be jeopardized if certain structural components develop cracks that reduce their ability to support heavy loads. To choose the best methods for reinforcing or repair, it is crucial to assess the origin of the cracking and the severity of the cracks. 3. Slabs: Several reasons, such as drying shrinkage, temperature variations, insufficient reinforcing, excessive loads, or settling, can cause slabs to crack. Slabs' structural performance, aesthetics, and usability can all be impacted by cracks. To adopt effective repair methods and stop additional damage, a thorough study of the cracks and their underlying causes is required.
In conclusion, it is important to note that masonry cracking in walls, beams, columns, and slabs should not be disregarded because it may result in structural weaknesses and associated safety risks. To treat the cracks and guarantee the structural integrity and durability of the damaged elements, prompt assessment, cause identification, and proper repair procedures are crucial. P The severity, source, and extent of the cracks determine the methods employed to repair them in masonry walls, beams, columns, and slabs. In general, the following can be said about how to repair cracks in various structural components: A comprehensive evaluation of the cracks should be done before using any repair methods. This entails identifying the origin, size, and severity of the fractures as well as assessing any potential structural problems. To conduct a thorough analysis and suggest appropriate repair methods, a structural engineer should be consulted.
1. Crack Injection: The method known as "crack injection" is frequently used to fix cracks in masonry columns, beams, and walls. Epoxy or polyurethane resins are injected into the cracks to fill and bind them. By using this technique, you can restore the structural integrity and stop cracks from spreading further. 2. Reinforcement: If fractures are a sign of structural problems, reinforcing methods can be needed. To strengthen the weakened components, this may entail inserting carbon fiber sheets or strips or adding more steel reinforcing bars. Increased load carrying capacity and more effective stress distribution are two benefits of reinforcement techniques, which lower the risk of crack initiation and growth. 3. Structural Stabilization: Structural stabilizing procedures could be necessary if masonry walls, beams, columns, or slabs suffer from severe cracks. Techniques like external post-tensioning, which employ compressive forces to offset tensile stresses and stop further cracking, can be used in this situation. Other techniques include adding external steel bracing or applying fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) to strengthen the structure. 4. Moisture and Waterproofing: Addressing waterproofing and moisture control is essential in situations when cracks are brought on by moisture-related problems, such as water infiltration or an excessive amount of moisture content. This can involve taking steps to stop further moisture infiltration and lessen the chance of further cracking, such as using waterproof coatings, enhancing drainage systems, or erecting moisture barriers. Depending on the type and extent of the fractures, the underlying reasons, and the structural requirements, each instance may call for a unique strategy. The structural integrity and durability of masonry walls, beams, columns, and slabs must be preserved by preventing cracks in these components. A general conclusion with respect to guarding against cracks in various structural elements is as follows:

Proper Design and Construction:
Ensuring proper design and construction practices is essential in preventing cracks. This includes considering factors such as load-bearing capacity, material selection, appropriate reinforcement, and structural detailing. Employing experienced professionals and following established building codes and standards can significantly reduce the risk of cracks.

Adequate Reinforcement:
Proper reinforcement, such as steel bars or fibers, should be incorporated during construction to enhance the structural strength and prevent cracks. Reinforcement helps distribute loads more effectively and can mitigate the effects of shrinkage, temperature changes, and other potential causes of cracking.

Control of Moisture and Temperature:
Managing moisture levels and temperature differentials is vital in preventing cracks. Proper waterproofing measures, effective drainage systems, and insulation can help minimize the impact of moisture and temperature changes, reducing the risk of cracking due to swelling, shrinkage, or freeze-thaw cycles. causes. Some common crack patterns include: • Hairline Cracks: Very thin cracks that are barely visible to the naked eye. They may be tight and uniform in width. • Shrinkage Cracks: Cracks that occur due to the drying and shrinkage of concrete. They are typically narrow and occur in a random pattern. • Settlement Cracks: Cracks that form due to uneven settling of the concrete or the supporting ground.
They may be wider at the top and taper down. • Structural Cracks: Cracks that indicate structural issues, such as excessive loading, inadequate reinforcement, or design flaws. These cracks may be wider, longer, and may follow a particular pattern. 3. Crack Width and Depth: Evaluate the width and depth of the cracks. Measure the crack width using a crack gauge or a ruler. Note that some cracks may be too small to measure accurately, in which case you can categorize them as hairline cracks. Assess the depth of the crack by visually inspecting whether it is superficial or extends deeper into the concrete. 4. Location and Context: Consider the location of the cracks and their context within the structure. Cracks near joints, corners, or areas of stress concentration are common, but cracks appearing in unexpected locations might require further investigation. Assess whether the cracks are present in specific parts of the structure or distributed uniformly. 5. Other Indicators: Look for additional signs that may help identify the cause or severity of the cracks.
These can include spalling (flaking or chipping of concrete), rust stains, efflorescence (white mineral deposits on the surface), or any visible signs of movement or displacement.
It's important to note that visual inspection is the initial step in identifying concrete cracks. If you suspect structural issues or the cracks are extensive, it is recommended to consult a qualified structural engineer or construction professional who can conduct a more detailed evaluation and provide appropriate recommendations for repair or further assessment.

Conclusion
Visible cracking occurrence at CCS building in masonry walls, beams, columns and slabs occurs due to variety of reasons, such as; structural overload, settlement, thermal expansion and contraction, moisture and water damage, poor construction practices, and earthquake and seismic activity. Typical crack patterns on masonry walls, beams, columns and slabs are common on shrinkage, settlement and spalling which is common to poor construction practices, materials defects, moisture, and thermal expansion and contraction. Hence, implementation of treatment such as epoxy mortar and epoxy injection are necessary and requires immediate action to prevent catastrophic cracking implications. IV.