Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Soap by Using Natural Plant Extract

: Since the beginning of time, people have employed medicinal plants as a form of treatment. As a natural cure, the extract made from the leaves, stems, and roots of numerous medicinal plants has been used to treat a variety of maladies and disorders. The majority of bacterial disorders occur in humans. Herbs are recognized to have a variety of potential benefits for humans, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal aspects that have been looked over for decades and used in a variety of ways. One example of this is the formulation of herbal soap, which is used both for treating microbiological diseases and daily use. The intent of this study is to create an inventive herbal soap using a combination of herbal extracts. This study also assesses the soap's physicochemical properties. Plants are readily available, and their efficacy makes it possible to create products that are beneficial and affordable with few or no adverse effects.


INTRODUCTION OF HERBAL SOAP :
• Most of the commercial soaps contain chemicals that can be harmful to the skin and using a natural herbal soap can be a good alternative. • Herbal soaps are made using natural herbs and ingredients that are healthier and beneficial for the skin and are less likely to cause any damaging effect. • Some of the natural soap manufacturers also use aroma therapy and herbal treatments to offer the best skin treatment solution for your skin. • Made of rare herbs and 100% natural ingredients, herbal soaps have found to be highly beneficial for the skin.
• The herbs infused in these soaps have therapeutic and healing characteristics that offer specific benefits to the skin, such as nourishment, strength, healing and moisturizing. These soaps also contain super fatty oils, Vitamin E, aloe vera and essential oils, that all lead to the goodness of skin and overall health. • Herbal soaps are also effective in curing different skin complaints. These soaps also contain glycerin, which is generally not used in commercial soaps. • Glycerin helps in retaining the moisture in the skin thereby making these soaps for dry skin conditions.

Herbal soap :
• Herbal soap preparation is a medicine it contain antibacterial, anti-ageing anti-oxidant, anti-septic properties which mainly uses of part of plant like seeds, rhizomes, nuts and pulps to treatment for an injury or disease or to achieve health. • Herbal soap do not contain the artificial colours, flavours, fluorides etc., when compared to the content of commercial soap. Herbs are the natural products mostly found in the treatment of almost all diseases and skin problems owing to their high medicinal value, cost effective ness, availability and compatibility.

SOAP :
• Soap is common cleansing agent well known to everyone. Many authors defined soap indifferent ways. Warra,19 regarded it as any cleaning agent, manufactured in granules, bars, flakes, or liquid form obtained from by reacting salt of sodium or potassium of various fatty acids that are of natural origin (salt of non-volatile fatty acids). • Soap can also be said to be any water-soluble salt of fatty acids containing eight or more carbon atoms. Soaps are produced for varieties of purpose ranging fromwashing, bathing, medication etc. • The cleansing action of the soap is due to the negative ions on the hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylic group of the fatty acids. The affinity of the hydrocarbon chain to oil and grease, while carboxylic group to water is the main reason soap is being used mostly with water for cleaning purposes. • In addition to basic raw materials, other substances are added to the composition in order to improve its application. For examples soap made for medicinal purposes other medicinal importance ingredients are added to it to produce medicated soaps. In addition to potassium and sodium salt, other metals such as calcium, magnesium and chromium are also used to produce metallic insoluble soap that are not used as cleaning agents, but are used for other purposes. • Other properties of the soap such as hardness are function of the metallic element present in the salt.
For example soap made up of Sodium salts shows little hardness compare to potassium salts soaps, provided the same fat or oil is used in both cases. • These are characteristically different from soaps made from divalent metals such as magnesium, calcium, aluminum or iron which are not water soluble, Soaps are use for laundry and cleaning purposes, though the used of calcium soap in the formulation of animal feed have been reported . • It is generally known that soap is produced by the saponification of a triglyceride (fat or oil). In the process the triglyceride is reacted with a strong alkali such as; potassium or sodium hydroxide to produce glycerol and fatty acid salts.
Herbal Cosmetics: ❖ The word cosmetic was derived from the Greek word "kosmtikos" meaning having the power, arrange, skill in decorating. ❖ The origin of cosmetics forms a continuous narrative throughout the history of man as they developed. The man in prehistoric times 3000BC used colours for decoration to attract the animals that he wished to hunt and also the man survived attack from the enemy by colouring his skin and adorned his body for protection to provoke fear in an enemy (whether man or animal). ❖ The origin of cosmetics were associated with hunting, fighting, religion and superstition and later associated with medicine. ❖ Herbal Cosmetics, here in after referred as Products, are formulated, using various permissible cosmetic ingredients to form the base in which one or more herbal ingredients are used to provide defined cosmetic benefits only, shall be called as Herbal Cosmetics. ❖ Beginning 1990's cosmetic manufacturer adapted a term 'cosmeceutical' to describe the OTC skin care products that claims therapeutic benefit by addition of plant based active ingredient such as alpha-hydroxy acid, retinoic acid, ascorbic acid and coenzyme Q10. ❖ These active ingredients serves many purposes viz. increase in skin elasticity, delay in skin aging by reducing the wrinkles, protection against UV radiation by antioxidant property and to check degradation of collagen respectively. ❖ The skin and hair beauty of individuals depends on the health, habits, routine job, climatic conditions and maintenance. ❖ The skin due to excessive exposure to heat will dehydrate during summer and causes wrinkle, freckles, blemishes, pigmentation and sunburns. The extreme winter cause damages to the skin in the form of cracks, cuts, maceration and infections. ❖ The skin diseases are common among all age groups and can be due to exposure towards microbes, chemical agents, biological toxin present in the environment, and also to some extend due to malnutrition ❖ The only factor they had to rely on was the knowledge of nature compiled in the ayurveda. The science of ayurveda had utilized many herbs and floras to make cosmetics for beautification and protection from external affects. ❖ The natural content in the botanicals does not cause any side effects on the human body; instead enrich the body with nutrients and other useful minerals. ❖ The cosmetics, according to the Drugs and Cosmetics Act is defined as articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled or sprayed on, introduced into or otherwise applied to the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance. ❖ The cosmetic does not come under the preview of drug license. The herbal cosmetics are the preparations containing phytochemical from a variety of botanical sources, which influences the functions of skin and provide nutrients necessary for the healthy skin or hair. ❖ The natural herbs and their products when used for their aromatic value in cosmetic preparation are termed as herbal cosmetics. ❖ There is common belief that chemical based cosmetics are harmful to the skin and an increased awareness among consumers for herbal products triggered the demand for natural products and natural extracts in cosmetics preparations. ❖ The increased demand for the natural product has created new avenues in cosmeceutical market. The Drug and Cosmetics Act specify that herbs and essential oils used in cosmetics must not claim to penetrate beyond the surface layers of the skin nor should have any therapeutic effect. ❖ The legal requirement and the regulatory procedures for herbal cosmetics are same as that for other chemical ingredients used in cosmetic formulations.
The requirements for the basic skin care: ❖ Cleansing agent: which remove the dust, dead cells and dirt that choke the pores on the skin. Some of the common cleansers include vegetable oils like coconut, sesame and palm oil. ❖ Toners: The toners help to tighten the skin and keep it from being exposed to many of the toxins that are floating in the air or other environmental pollutants. Some of the herbs used as toners are witch hazel, geranium, sage, lemon, ivy burdock and essential oils. ❖ Moisturizing: The moisturizing helps the skin to become soft and supple. Moisturizing shows a healthy glowing skin.

The Benefits of Herbs May include the Following:
✓ Enhance physical and mental well-being Strengthen the immune system Detoxification Aid in sleeping, digestion Increase stamina and reduce fatigue etc. ✓ Herbal products in cosmetics or herb in cosmetics can also be referred as botanical origin products in cosmetics. ✓ According to the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 cosmetics may be defined as, any substance intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or otherwise applied to human being for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness. ✓ Cosmeceutical are the cosmetic products which contain biologically active principles or ingredients of plant origin having effect on user or they are combination product of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals intended to enhance the health and beauty of skin. ✓ Herbal cosmetics are defined as the beauty products which possess desirable physiological activity such as healing, smoothing appearance, enhancing and conditioning properties because of herbal ingredient.

Advantages of Herbal Medicine:
✓ Herbal medicine have long history of use and better patient tolerance as well as acceptance. ✓ Medicinal plants have a renewable source, which is our only hope for sustainable supplies of cheaper medicines for the world growing population. Availability of medicinal plants is not a problem especially in developing countries like India having rich agro-climatic, cultural and ethnic biodiversity. ✓ The cultivation and processing of medicinal herbs and herbal products is environmental friendly.
Prolong and apparently uneventful use of herbal medicines may offer testimony of their safety and efficacy. ✓ Throughout the world, herbal medicine has provided many of the most potent medicines to the vast arsenal of drugs available to modern medical science, both in crude form and as a pure chemical upon which modern medicines are  Rashid N A et al., (2022) The reported of evaluation of butterfly peaflowers for antioxidant activity and its potential as antioxidant soap, Clitoria ternatea, often known as butterfly pea, is a flowering vine plant in the Fabaceae family with oval and acute leaves. Due to free radicals, many severe diseases were occurred such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular and neurological illnesses. Objective: ➢ The main objective was to formulate medicated herbal soap having anti-microbial, anti-bacterial properties and rich in antioxidant. ➢ Formulate the herbal soap with minimum side effect. ➢ The main purpose of preparing herbal soap is to use natural ingredients instead of using chemicals. ➢ The objective of this work is formulation and evaluation of herbal soap using marigold powder, orange peel powder, sandal wood powder and hibiscus powder.    ❖ pH:: the pH was determined by using pH paper, the pH was found to be 6-7.

PLAN OF WORK: Preparation of Herbal Soap Carried out by
( Figure: 12 ❖ % free Alkali content: The beaker containing 10g of dried soap was then filled with 150 ml of distilled water. To dissolve the soap, it was heated for 30 to 40 min at reflux on a water bath. This solution was cooled, transferred with the washings to the 250 ml conical flask, and the capacity was filled with distilled water. Two drops of the phenolphthalein indicator were added to 10 ml of the soap solution in the titration flask. The solution was then titrated against 0.1M HCl until it turned colorless. ( Figure:13) ❖ Foamability : 50 ml of distilled water was taken and 2 gm of soap sample was dissolved completely by stirring. It was then transferred into a 250 ml measuring cylinder along with washings. The volume was made up to 200 ml by adding distilled water. 25 uniform strokes were given to the mixture and kept stand still for some time until the water volume comes to 200 ml. The foam height was measured from above the water volume. Foamability 9cm 10cm 11cm 13cm (Table: 4 Foamability) ❖ Foam stability: Same quantity of soap sample and quantity of distilled water along with process was carried out as that of foamability and the mixture was kept stand still for 30 min. After 30 min measurement of foam height was done from above the water volume.

F1 F2 F3 F4
Foam Stability 3min 4min 5min 6min (Table 5 Foam Stability) Saponification Value: 2 gm og substance refluxed with 25ml of 0.5 N alcoholic KOH for 30 min, to this 1 ml of Phenolphthalein added and titrate immediately with 0.5N HCL note the reading As a repeat the operation and examined.
( Figure :15) CONCLUSION • The plant marigold powder, orange peel powder, sandal wood powder and hibiscus powder Used in formulation.
• The prepared formulation when tested for different test gave good results.
• Herbal soaps have a strong impact on the skin, in terms of making it soft, smooth and supple.
• On the contrary, chemical soaps are full of damaging substances that can harm the skin as well as health.

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The multiple benefits of herbal soaps make them the right choice for better skin care and optimal health outcomes. From the scent to the therapeutic value and the aromatic benefits to medicinal properties, herbal soap heals, soothe and rejuvenate the skin • The prepared formulation when tested for different test gave good results.
• Furthermore the prepared soap were standardized by evaluating various physico chemical properties such as pH appearance odour in which the exhibit satisfactory effect. • The pH of formula was change in F1 and F2 but F3 and F4 id best suitable for skin. F4 is found to be good as compare to other. • F4 formulation is best compare to others, formulated herbal soap contain natural ingredients which are very beneficial as compare to chemical soap.