The Study on Women’s Participation in Chinese Chives Cultivation in Imphal East District of Manipur.

Women are the backbone of agriculture , in Manipur .Women participation in Chinese Chives cultivation become tradition and practiced in Imphal East , Manipur . Due to rich opportunities for enhancement of income and it suit both marginal and small scale land holder make creation of every women family employment round the year . The average female’s work forces contribution in Manipur is 43.43%. Almost all women in rural Manipur can be considered as a farmer in some sense . Women in Manipur work as agricultural labour or work as unpaid agricultural labour in the family agricultural farm.


Introduction
In Manipur, women economic contribution is also the major share to household requirements.It plays a vital role in the empowerment of economic condition of women Manipur.Imphal-East is the district were Chinese Chives are widely cultivated in Manipur.Cultivation and production was mainly confined in Heingang and Sawombung block of Imphal East district.It cultivation is of a great importance that every house in Kangla and Moirangkampu Sajeb village since the last 17 years.

Objective
To study the Personal, Socio -Economic and Psychological characteristics of respondent.To find out the relationship between Personal, Socio -Economic and Psychological characteristic of respondents with their extent of participation in Chinese Chives cultivation.To find out the constraints encountered by the respondents in Chinese Chives cultivation.Kadlag (1994) study in "Role of women in decision making in farming in Sangamner Teshil of Ambednagar district " outlined the majority of the farm women belong to the age group of 35 years and above .

Lekshmi et al. (2015)
study in " Mass media utilization behaviour of farm women" outlined that most of the farm women (63.33%) were middle aged.
Banerjee and Talukar (1997) found that the extent of entrepreneurships was positive and significant correlation with the total annual income of the family.
X Peiwen, S Huisheng, S Ruijie, symposium on Alluim production and research in China Sarasthi and Sumangala (2001) study outlined that the correlation between the participation of women in sericulture with income and total mulberry land holding was found significant.

Locale of study
Imphal -East District of Manipur was purposively selected for the study because in Manipur cultivation of Chinese Chives is mainly confined in the above said district .Its cultivation in Imphal East district play an important role in increasing employment and social economic of many farm families.Selection of villages -The Sawombung block has 61 villages and Heingang block has 67 villages , out of which Kangla and Moirangkampu -Sajeb villages where purposively selected for the study , through complete survey of all the respondent cultivating Chinese Chives.

Data collection -
Data were conducted by the researcher herself accompanied by the experience farmer of the village.Data were collected from farmers of the respected villages .Variable and measurement are as follow-

Family size
It refers to the family size of the respondent measured in term of the total number member in the family , including aged person and children .Family members 1/5 are considered as small families and those with more than 5 members are considered as large family .Category Score Small Upto 5 members Large 6 above members Land holding Land is a primary source of livelihood for majority of the rural house hold .land holding is definite as the area ( ha) of land possessed by the respondent or their family .This variable is categories according to the socioeconomic status scale of Basu (1993) as given below.

Social participation
It refers to the degree of involvement in social activity and membership of the respondent and various formal or informal organization , either as a member or as an official bearer.It was measured in term of membership or official status in any formal or informal organization using the scale developed by Lokhande (1974) Above 50000 3

Decision making ability
It is the degree to which an individual justifies his selection of most efficient means from among the available alternative in order to perform some acts after some consideration of some factors .In order to measure these variable , a scale developed by Rays (1990) was used .The scale containing eight statement was put on a five point continuum viz ., very important , Important , somewhat important , less important and not important with score of 5,4,3,2and 1 respectively .The total score on the scale range from 8 to 40 .The respondent were classified into three categories based on the mean and S.D of the obtain score Category Score Low Less then mean -S.D Medium In between mean ± S.D High Greater than mean + S.D

Achievement motivation
In order to measure these variable, a scale developed by Robert l .Smith was used.

Category Score Low
Less then mean -S.D Medium In between mean ± S.D High Greater than mean + S.D

Dependent variable
Women participation in Chinese chive cultivation was considered as the dependent variable in these study .In the present context , participation refers to physical involvement of the women in different activities of chinese chives cultivation .Under this dependent variable three subvariables have been identified , participation in pre harvesting method , participation in post harvesting method and participation in marketing activities .For each sub-variable , three types of participation were assigned viz.active participation , moderate participation and passive participation .Scoring was given for each participation in such a way that score was given for active for active participation , 2 score for moderate participation and 1 score for passive participation.

Pre-testing of interview schedule
Pre testing scheduled was proposed for so that it will be capable of eliciting appropriate response from the respondent.In the present study, a suitable structural interview schedule was prepared keeping in the view the objectives of the research.On the basic of the experience gathered through pre-testing, appropriate changes in the schedule was made.Then, the schedule was finalized and used for data collection.The respondents interviewed during pre-testing were not including for the final study.

collection of data
Collection of data will be from both the primary and the secondary source .Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected for the purposed of the present work .For collected of data from primary source , structured interview schedule was employed .Data were collected from each respondent through single interview method .For collection of data from secondary source different records , reports and journals have been consulted as well as discussed with officials , localities chairman and members .

Hypothesis of the study
In the light of the objectives of the study and variable selected the relevant hypothesis were formulated on different aspects of the study .The hypothesis was framed in the from of null hypothesis , which stated that there is no relation between the variables according to Kerlinger (1973) .Every research may be said to exist only in order to give the research findings a chance of disproving the null hypothesis.Hypothesis: H0 : There is no significant relationship between the personal , socio-economic and psychological charecteristics of the women and their participation in Chinese chive cultivation

Statistical tools -
The data collected through the schedule were sorted out, classified , analysed and presented in tables in order to make the findings more meaningful and easily understandable .Interpretation of data was made in accordance with the objectives of the study and inference were drawn .The Statistical tools and techniques used in the study are given below

Corelation
When an increase or decrease in one variate is accompanied by an increase or decrease in the other variate , the two variates are said to be correlated and the phenomenon is known as Correlation .
Correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of the degree of relationship between two variables which are at interval or ratio level of measurement and are linearly related .A Pearson product-moment 'r' is computed by the formula Where , X and Y = original scores in variables X and Y N = number of paired scores EXY = each of X multiplied by its corresponding Y , then summed ∑(EX)2 = sum of X scores , squared EY = sum of Y scores EY2 = each Y squared , then summed (EY)2 = sum of Y scores , squared The range of correlation coefficient is from -1 to +1 .This means that -1 is perfect negative correlation and +1 is perfect positive correlation .A correlation coefficient to be acceptable should be statistically significant ; otherwise .It is presumed that no significant relationship exists between the variables

Regression
It was applied to evaluate the total predictive effect of the independent variables to the dependent variables .The following prediction equation was used in the study : If y is the dependent variable and X1 , X2 ……………..Xn are the independent variable then , multiple regression equation will be Y = a+b1x1+b2x2+………………+bnxn Where , Y = dependent variable a = a constant b 1 =partial regression coefficient Xn = nth independent variables n = total numbers of independent variables

Percentage and Frequency
Percentage was used for making simple comparisons .Frr calculating percentage , the frequency of a particular cell was divided by the number of respondents in that category and multiplied by 100

Standard deviation
It is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of all deviations being denoted by the symbol O ( Sigma ) .It is less affected by the sampling errors and is a more stable measure of dispersion v.The S.D of the data group in the form of a frequency is computed by the formula

Age
The age of women who participated in the study were placed under three categories Majority (72.51%) of women belonged to middle age group followed by young age group (14.11 %) and old age group (13.41%) .The possible reason would be that middle age women are more responsible for managing their family needs , making their household livelihood in every possible way .

Family size
Out of 113 women respondents 64.7% of women belonged to small family and 35.3% belonged to large family .Due to the advent of modernization in the lives of the people in the villages , its observed that small and larges families are more or less equally distributed in the area .The findings are in line with the findings of Munmun et al . (2015) .

Extent of women's participation in Chinese Chive cultivation
The main focus of the present study was to ascertain the extent of women's participation in Chinee Chive cultivation.The extent of participation in Chinese chive cultivation is presented.
Overall Participation of women in Chinese Chive cultivation It was found that the women respondents differ from one another in their contribution in marketing activities.All the women respondents contributed in marketing were group into three categories It was observed that majority of the women (39.8 %) had active participation in Chinese Chive cultivation activities, followed by (32.7%) moderate participation and (27.5%) passive participation.As the participation of the respondents in all the three aspects of participation in Chinese Chive cultivation activities was active, the overall participation in Chinese Chive cultivation activities was also found to be active.

Conclusion
On the basis of the study conducted, it can be concluded that majority of the farm women had medium level of participation in Chinese Chive cultivation.Chinese Chives cultivation in the study area was taken up as a cultural and traditional way of life without much formal training.Most of the respondents were in the middle age group, literate, mostly belonging to small sized family, having medium land holdings.It was also found that most of the respondents had high training exposure.Besides, the farm women also have strong desire towards social participation and medium decision making ability Education, land holding, family size , social participation and training exposure were the important factors which contributed to the participation of women in Chinese Chives cultivation.The foremost constraints encountered by the respondents was high price fertilizer followed by lack of finance.
Chinese Chive cultivationIt was found that the women respondents differ from one another in their contribution in overall participation of women in Chinese Chive cultivation were group into three categories Category Score Passive participation less than Mean -S .DModerate participationIn between Mean ± S .D Active participationGreater than Mean ± S .DConstraintsIt refers to the limitation encountered by the women in participating in Chinese chives cultivation.To comprehend the extent of constraints encountered by the women regarding their participation in Chinese chives cultivation, seven problems were set .Each respondent was asked to indicate her opinion on the basis of divided response (Yes /No).If the response was positive, a score of 1 was assigned and a score of 0 was assigned for negative response.The problems faced while participation in Chinese chive cultivation were categorized on the following basis.The research schedule was the most important tool used in the present study to collect data from the respondents.A research schedule was prepared keeping in veiw the specific objectives of the study.The item in the schedule were selected and formulated after consulting and discussing with the expert from Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Institute of Agricultural Science, Utlou, Manipur.The entire schedule comprised of different tests, scales and indices to measure different Personal, Socio-Economic and Psychological characteristics, extent of women's participation and constraints of the respondents.
of the class d = deviation of the mid -value of the class from the population mean N = total number of observation3.10.5-ArithmeticmeanIt is the quotient that results when the sum of all the items in the series is divided by the numbers of item (N) .It is denoted by ∑X1 -economic and psychological charecteristics of the women .When describing the personal , socioeconomic and psychological characteristics of the sample respondent , some of the basic parameters have been considered .These are age , education , mass media exposure , family size , operational land holding ,social participation , training attended , decision making ability , leadership preference , achievement motivation and progressiveness .

Variables and their empirical measurements Independent variables
EducationFor the present study, education of the respondent was conceived to be the individual academic attained in the family through formal schooling.The responses obtain where order into the following categories.
. Through the training programe women generally gather same new knowledge about the production in infrastructure available .In the present study the attended of women in the training arranged for them was as a measured of training attended .As the women respondent were not able to specified the exact number of days of the training programme attended by them during the last five years , the number of training programme attended by them during the last five year were taken as a measure of their training attended .Based on the mean and S.D of the total number of trainings attended during the last five years , women respondents were categorized as follows.
Category Score Low attendedLess then mean -S.D Medium attendedIn between mean ± S.D High attendedGreater than mean + S.DAnnual incomeAnnual income of women in Chinese Chive cultivation was measured in terms of money earned by the family during one years SI.No.

according to their family size
The respondents were classified into different categories as mentioned in the methodology .No respondents were found in the categories of office bearer in more than one organization.It can be concluded that women have a strong desire towards social participation.The results are in line with the findings ofMoktan and Mukhopadhey (2012).This may be because most of the respondents tend to learn from their elders and their desire to know new techniques is less.They still continue their existing traditional work culture and working methods.The findings are in concordance with the findings ofMunmun et al. (2015)Majority of the women (68.3%) have medium decision making ability followed by low (17.6%) and high (14.1%).This might be due to the average level of knowledge and information they possessed.The findings are in line with the findings ofSingh et al. (2010), Nataraju (2012)and Supriya (2016).