Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Anti-Acne Foaming Face Wash

In the past, people have changed their lifestyle to keep up with the changing times. Nowadays, cosmetics are designed to cleanse, protect, and replenish the skin. People have been concerned about acne, which is common among teens and adults as a result of their daily lifestyles. Herbal products are popular in the global market, and one such product is a face wash. A foaming face wash is a gentle cleanser used to remove makeup, dead skin cells, dirt, oils, and other pollutants from the face without causing any discomfort to the skin. Current research has focused on the use of extracts of Aloe vera, Turmeric, Neem Oil, and Rosehip Oil, which have been found to have beneficial anti-acne,anti-bacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property.The face wash was prepared with ingredients at different concentrations and was evaluated for various parameters like colour, odour, consistency,spreadability, washability, foamability, irritancyand stability.


INTRODUCTION
Face wash is a skincare product that is used to cleanse the skin, removing makeup, dead skin cells, oil, dirt, and other pollutants.It is intended to help keep pores clean and prevent skin conditions such as acne.Skin is prone to dirt and other pollutants due to exposure to the sun and pollution, which can accumulate in the skin and lead to discoloration, including blackheads and whiteheads, as well as acne, and blemishes.Cleaning the skin is essential for maintaining healthy skin, as it helps to remove dirt, oil, makeup and prepares the skin for topical use.However, face wash can also damage the skin by removing natural moisturizing factors, leading to a breakdown of the skin barrier and the development of acne vulgaris.Acne vulgarisis a common skin condition that occurs when the hair follicles beneath the skin become blocked [1] .It is characterized by an increase in sebum production by the sebaceous glands, resulting in follicular distention, and is often accompanied by bacterial proliferation [2] .

ANATOMY OF SKIN
The skin is the largest organs in the human body, covering the entire external surface.It serves as a first line of defense against pathogens, ultraviolet radiation, and chemical exposure, as well as providing a mechanical barrier against injury.Additionally, it regulates temperature and water release in the environment.Skin color can vary between individuals, depending on race, age, geographical location, season, and part of the body.Additionally, skin color is affected by health conditions and emotions, including stress.The primary pigment responsible for skin color in humans is melanin, which is produced by melanosomes in the skin cells, melanocytes, and keratinocytes.Skin color is determined by the presence of melanin and melanoids in the skin, as well as the presence of other components such as water content, oxygen content, and the intercellular adherence of the skin cells.Dark skin has more melanosomes, which are bigger, thicker, and more numerous.When exposed to UV light, the production of melanin increases, and this is more common in dark than light skin.The melanocytes make melanin by converting tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), which is then converted into a polymer through an oxidative reaction [3] .

Dermis:
It consists of two layers of connective tissue that connect together.
• Papillary layer: Outer layer, which is thinner and is made up of loosely connected connective tissue.It connects the epidermis to the skin.• Reticular layer: Deeper layer, which is thicker and less cell based.It is made up of densely connected connective tissue, which is made up of bundles of collagen fibres.
The dermis contains the skin's connective tissue, skin glands, hair, many sensory neuronsand blood vessels.

Hypodermis:
▪ Also termed as subcutaneous fascia, ▪ Deepest layer of skin.▪ In addition to adipose tissue, it also contains hair follicles, sensory neurons, blood vessels, and other skin structures [4] .

Acne
Acne is a skin disorder that develops when oil and dead skin cells clog hair follicles.Pore blockage produces blackheads, whiteheads and other types of pimples.

Types of acne:
Acne can be classified into comedones, epidemic acne, pustular acne, cystic acne, and nodular acne.
Comedones are the ones that don't cause inflammation and can be split into two categories: whiteheads, and blackheads.▪ Whiteheads, also known as obstructive comedones, appear as raised, new or white bumps.Blackheads (open comedones), on the other hand, look like open pores with dark patches made up of melanin, sebum and hair follicle cells.▪ Papules are crimson, hard, and elevated, with a diameter of less than 5 mm.A pucells is a little lump on the skin that contains infectious material.▪ Lesions, commonly subcutaneous cysts and nodules, that are narrow, raised lesions that penetrate deeper into the dermis and tissues.The diameter of a subcutaneous cyst is typically less than 5 mm, while a nodule is generally larger than 5 mm.▪ Pustules refers to type of skin lesion composed of a small amount of pus.They can appear on any surface of the body, but are most commonly found on the cheeks, chest, or back.The cause of a pustule is usually a bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infection.▪ Nodular Acne is one of the most serious types of acne.Nodules are hard bumps or knots that form deep under the skin.Nodules start below the skin's surface and appear as red bumps.Nodules usually don't have whiteheads or blackheads at the center.Nodules can last over weeks or even months.
Acne is a disease that is caused by a variety of physiological factors, including overgrowth of hair follicles and an increase in sebum production caused by high androgen levels.Additionally, acne can be caused by the presence of microorganisms, such as Propionibacteriaium acnes, Propionylococcosis epidermidis, and other factors.To gain a better understanding of the etiology of acne, new concepts are being developed.These concepts may include alterations in biological markers, sensitivity of target cells, neuroendocrine responses, genetic factor, and environmental factors.A variety of herbal and synthetic compounds have been observed to have a significant effect on acne.
There can be various mechanism such as:  Sebum secretion regulation  Antibiotics that inhibit the growth of two major acne-causing bacteria:  Propionibacterium acnes (PBA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis. keratolytic agents, which are responsible for the removal of the stratum corneum and the inhibition of sebum production beneath the skin. Anti-inflammatory activity to reduce the symptoms caused by inflammation and inflammationrelated redness [5] .

Types of acne FACE WASH
A face wash is a facial cleansing product used to remove makeup, dead skin cells and oil, dirt and other impurities from the skin.It helps to clean pores and prevent skin diseases such as acne.A face wash can be added to your skincare routine in addition to a toner and a moisturizer.

Benefits of face wash
• It helps to keep skin clean and healthy.
• It makes the skin radiant.
• The combination of dead skin cells and excess oil can clog pores, causing acne, white heads, blackheadsand a tired appearance.Regular pore exfoliation prevents all the above skin problems.• Exfoliation increases circulation.It removes dead skin cells and promotes the growth of new skin cells.• It promotes skin regeneration and rejuvenation.
• It removes dead skin cells, resulting in a slower rate of skin aging.

Properties of face wash:
 It should soften the skin upon application. This product should be designed to be stable and aesthetically pleasing. It should spread evenly and not be difficult to apply, and the creamy residue should not remain viscous after evaporation.
 It should not be greasy during application, and should leave a fine, emollient layer on the skin. The physical action of the product should be to purify the skin and to open the pores, not to absorb.

Advantages of herbal cosmetics over synthetic cosmetics:
These remedies are becoming increasingly popular sincethe majority of women today prefer natural products over synthetic cosmetics for their personal beauty care, as these are the products which nourish the body, improve health and provide satisfaction.These products are free from synthetic chemicals and have comparatively fewer adverse effects than synthetic cosmetics.

Various herbs used in cosmetics:
▪ Neem:Neem is one of the Ayurveda medicinal plants that is highly valued for its healing properties, whichinclude antibacterial, anti-fungal and antiviral properties.▪ Aloe vera:Aloe vera has been used in traditional Ayurveda medicine to treat various types of skin injuries, such as burns, cut, insect bites, eczema and more.In addition to skin injuries, aloe vera is also used to treat digestive problems due to its antiseptic, antibacterial and wound healing properties.▪ Turmeric: Turmeric is known to hydrate and nourish the skin, and it can also catalyze the removal of dead skin.It can help to reduce the signs and symptoms of skin-related problems, such as eczema, when applied to the skin.▪ Rosehip oil: Rosehip oil is considered to be the ultimate anti-ageing oil, as it contains high levels of antioxidants, which help to lock up moisture in the deep layers of the skin, as well as increase collagen production, which helps to fight against signs of aging [6] .

Function of skin:
• The skin plays a vital role in protecting the body from damage, providing a barrier against mechanical heat and physical injury.• It prevents moisture loss.
• Reduces the harmful effects of UV rays.
• It regulates temperature It is an immune system organ.
• It detects infections It protects the body from pathogens.
• It aids in water resistance by blocking the absorption of nutrients from the body [7] .

AIM AND OBJECTIVES AIM:
To prepare and evaluate herbal anti-acne foaming face wash.

Objective:
• To identify and collect various herbal plants.
• To extract herbal components without adding any chemical preservatives.
• To formulate and evaluate herbal anti-acne foaming face wash.
• To carry out evaluation tests related to foaming face wash.
• The formulated foaming face wash will be subjected to accelerated stability study as per ICH guidelines.

Uses:
▪ It has anti-inflammatory properties which help in reducing pain, swelling, and pain in wound and promoting collagen formation and release. .▪ It is a dependable source for treating bacteria and fungal infections.▪ It has antioxidant properties which help in repairing UV damage and slows down the ageing process of your skin.▪ It soothes rashes and sunburns by cooling.▪ It also helps boost wound healing [8] .

Uses :
▪ Turmeric is a powerful ingredient that can be used to add a natural glow to the skin.▪ It is known to be effective in treating acne ▪ It also helps in treating atopic dermatitis.▪ It aids with psoriasis [9] .

2) EXTRACTION OF ALOEVERA:
Take 2 medium pieces of raw Aloe vera leaves.Take a look at the jelly.Transfer the gel to the mixer grinder.Filter out the juice to prevent clumps.

3)EXTRACTION OF ROSEHIP OIL:
In order to extract the rosehip seeds, weigh out a sample of 30 grams.Place the sample into a 24-ml extraction vessel, using a funnel to pour the sample in, then place the wool plug on top of the vessel.Tamping the sample with the tamping rod will cause it to compress.The void volume should be filled and the vessel should be sealed.The sample should be extracted according to the extraction condition specified.The collection vial should be removed and residual moisture from the oil should be dried in a dry oven at a temperature of 105 o C.

FORMULATION STEPS INVOLVED IN PREPARATION:
The process of formulation preparation can be illustrated by dividing the components into distinct stages.

Method of preparation:
The method of preparation is as follows:  The components of Stage A are weighed in accordance with the formulation table before being added to the beaker. The glycerin is taken in greater quantities than the distilled water. The ingredients of Stage B are then mixed together for two minutes in order to achieve uniformity. Finally, the component of Stage C is added, followed by the addition of 30ml of Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate, 0.5ml of Sodium Benzoate, 0.25 ml of Sorbic Acid. Stage E ingredient added to add fragrance.Finally, the desired volume is achieved by adding the distilled water.

corneum:The outermost layer is keratin, and keratin-rich scales called stratum corneum are once
living cells.These are called keratinocytes.This layer is very thick, particularly thick in callused skin.
Stage A is composed of the base ingredients.Stage B is composed of the main ingredients.Stage C is composed of the excipients.Stage D is composed of the preservatives.Stage E is composed of the fragrance of the formulation.