Systematic Literature Review of Parent-Child Interactions on Strengthening Children's Character

The research aims to analyze parent-child interactions to strengthen children's character through previous research. A thorough literature review was performed as the research methodology for this investigation (SLR). The studies included in this systematic review followed the PRISM (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metanalyses) recommendations. The research results show that parent-child interactions play a crucial role in shaping children's positive character. Findings from various articles highlight the importance of playtime with children, conversation and language, and parent training programs can improve the quality and quantity of parent-child interactions which can strengthen children's character.


INTRODUCTION
The family is an institution that has a central role in shaping children's character.Interaction within the family is not only the initial foundation for children's personal development, but also plays a crucial role in shaping their positive character.In every family dynamic, the values, norms and behavior shown by parents are the main pillars of forming a child's character.The presence of positive family • Email: editor@ijfmr.com

IJFMR230610772
Volume 5, Issue 6, November-December 2023 2 interactions opens up great opportunities for children to develop moral, social, and emotional qualities that will guide them throughout life.The importance of family interaction in shaping children's positive character cannot be ignored, considering that the family is the first environment in which children begin to interact with the world around them.In this context, interactions between parents and children are not just an exchange of words or daily behavior, but are a means of transmitting core values that will form the basis of children's character.Therefore, this paper will explore in depth how family interaction is a determining factor in shaping children's positive character.
Research on interactions within the nuclear family began to attract the attention of family scholars starting in 1917, Burgess began teaching about the family as a "unit of interacting personalities" (Farber 1964).By the end of World War II, this perspective had become so widely accepted that the most popular subject category among publications written in English about the family since the 1950s had been the family as a small group (Aldous & Hill 1967).This category, which includes interaction literature, has also ranked at least second for the past fifteen years among family publications in other languages (Aldous and Dahl 1974).
Family interaction studies generally have two dimensions: husband and wife interactions and parent-child interactions.The main studies on family interactions in the past focused on marital relationships, while parent-child relationships were considered less important (Adams, 1972).Because interactions can be considered as an indicator of how a family is managed and how a family remains intact (intact family) and survives with these interactions, the study of interactions is very important.Surviving in the sense that a family not only remains physically intact, not separated, but also intact in terms of values, including positive character values.The influence on the outcome of the interaction is on the units affected and the way they are affected.In families, the unit involved may be the family itself, as in research on problem-solving effectiveness (Tallman & Miller 1974).Marital satisfaction is the outcome of interactions related to particular relationships within the family (Dizard 1968), and outcomes that affect individuals, such as their cognitive abilities, have also been studied (Swanson 1974).Through a deep understanding of the importance of family interactions in forming children's positive character, how every action, word and value passed down by the family can form children's moral foundation for their future.Therefore, through this systematic literature review, researchers analyzed the role of parent-child interactions in strengthening children's positive character.

METHOD
A thorough literature review was performed as the research methodology for this investigation (SLR).A technique for regularly synthesizing, assessing, and identifying (Rahayu et al., 2019).The studies included in this systematic review followed the PRISM (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metanalyses) recommendations.The PRISM guideline is strongly advised for literature review research since it helps readers understand how articles are chosen for study (Knobloch et al., 2011).The use of PRISM standards can also prevent publication bias (PB) towards the papers and journals that will be under investigation.Publication bias might manifest as difficulty in the systematic article search process in finding published or unpublished scientific papers.This study used data sources from the ScienceDirect database to conduct a systematic review of the literature.("parent-child interaction") AND ("positive character") AND ("child character") were the search terms used to go through the literature.The chosen articles are those with a range of publications in 2015-2023, with individual participants-not organizations or institutions-with a range of educational and occupational backgrounds, as well as age and gender-across a range of age groups.The publications in the journal under review used a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method research design as their research methodology.Scientific journal article search methodology is shown in Figure 1 using PRISM principles.The first step is to use a database from ScienceDirect to identify scientific journal articles.The second stage, screening, is done in two parts and involves filtering the different kinds of articles that are discovered in the form of journals or non-journals, as well as the possibility of duplicate journal search results.The PRISM method's eligibility phase is the third.The journal papers that have been screened will now be arranged according to keywords, titles, abstracts, and access from each journal.The last stage, the articles that will be used as references will first be filtered.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Through a systematic literature review, parent-child interactions towards strengthening children's positive character can be summarized into three groups of activities, namely: 1. playing and activities with children; 2. conversation and language, 3. parent programs and training.Based on the results of 31 articles presented in table 1, the findings show that parent-child interactions have a positive impact on children's character development.As research by Pasarín, Bernedo, Martín (2023), it was found that parent-child interaction programs have the potential to improve the parenting abilities of biological mothers, strengthen interactions during contact visits, and encourage cooperation between biological families and foster families.Likewise, research by Brezack, Radovanovic, Woodward (2021) emphasizes that children who experience positive interactions with caregivers and are active in actions that support learning, such as assembling objects, have a better relationship with learning.In this context, Knauer et al. (2020) show that parent training programs can increase reading frequency and reading interactions, with particular benefits for children from non-literate families.This important aspect of parent-child interactions in the context of children's positive character development is also illustrated in Changa and Yeh's (2015) research which highlights that playtime with children and various types of games can create strong bonds, support parent-child relationships, and build positive attitude.Findings by Murayya et al. (2023) highlighted that dialogic book sharing training had a positive impact on parents' behavior and children's expressive language.Along with the focus on parent-child interactions, research by Cimon-Paquet, Tétreault, and Bernier (2019) revealed that high-quality motherchild interactions can predict longer sleep duration, emphasizing the positive association between parent-child relationships and aspects of child welfare.Meanwhile, Liu and Wang's (2021) research highlights that parental emotional warmth and parental emotional closeness to peers are positively correlated with adolescents' character strength.Referring to these findings with reference to the respective authors can provide strong empirical support that parent-child interactions have an important role in shaping children's positive character.

Playing and Activities with Children
Basically, parent-child interaction is a central aspect in child development, and various studies provide an in-depth understanding of how play and joint activities can shape children's positive character.Research findings covering these interactions reflect the diversity of research approaches and focuses, opening insights regarding various aspects of children's lives that are influenced by the quality of interactions with parents.Changa and Yeh (2015) highlighted the important role of playtime with children in forming strong bonds between parents and children.Playing with dough, drawing, and playing with number and letter marking toys have been proven to make a positive contribution to children's development.These activities not only create excitement but also play a role in building children's confidence, reducing fear of new things, and strengthening family relationships.Based on the findings, the most recommended activity with children that can improve parent-child interaction and strengthen children's character is reading books.Henkaline and Wagner's (2020) research shows that extra-textual conversations during book sharing with children can mediate the relationship between maternal beliefs and children's language abilities.This shows that sharing time in reading activities is not just a routine, but can also be a valuable moment to strengthen the parent-child bond and advance the child's language development.
The importance of quality interactions during joint activities was also emphasized by Murayya et al. (2023) who found significant benefits from dialogic book sharing training on parental behavior and children's expressive language.Book sharing activities not only improve children's cognitive intelligence, but also enrich parent-child interactions by creating an environment that supports language and social development.In addition, research by Brezack, Radovanovic, and Woodward (2021) shows that children's tendencies to assemble objects and have richer vocabularies correlate with a positive relationship to learning.Although caregivers' speech does not directly support learning, caregivers' actions are related to children's learning, highlighting the importance of the caregiver's role in guiding and creating an environment that supports children's growth.Knauer et al. (2020) added another dimension by showing that parent training programs involving culturally appropriate children's books can increase reading frequency and the quality of reading interactions between caregivers and preschool children.This emphasizes that playing and interacting with appropriate materials can provide a positive boost to children's reading and comprehension skills.Meanwhile, research by Pilkauskaite and Valickienea (2015) highlights that adolescents who see all aspects of positive development can achieve higher levels of life satisfaction and contribution.This suggests that positive interactions in support of character development can form an important foundation for achieving well-being and positive contributions in society.that supports children's language and vocabulary learning.This shows that interaction through shared reading not only provides intimacy, but also becomes a vehicle for substantial learning.Therefore, the implementation of this kind of program can be considered an investment in children's intellectual development.Suggestions that can be drawn from this research are the need to increase awareness and educate parents about the vital role of their interactions with children.Training programs that cover various aspects, from play to book sharing, can be strengthened and implemented more widely.Community support and supporting policies are also needed to create an environment that supports children's holistic development.In conclusion, parent-child interaction is not just about creating an emotional bond but also about forming a strong foundation for the development of children's positive character and creating a better future.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Methodology for searching scientific journal articles using the PRISM principle

Journal Title Writer Journal Name and DOI Research purposes Research methods Results
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