Performance of Border Area Development Programme (BADP) in Arunachal Pradesh

The Border Area Development Programme (BADP) was introduced by center government during the Seventh Five Year Plan in the year 1986-87 in the western border of the country. The primary objectives of the programme are to balanced socio-economic development in border areas and provide sense of security amongst the local border areas residents. The programme is focused on the creation of physical infrastructural facilities. In Arunachal Pradesh, BADP was introduced in the year 1997-98 for Indo-Myanmar border with an allocation of amount Rs 4.00 crores. Further, in the year 1998-99 the programme was also covered in China and Bhutan border. This programme was initiated under the ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India to adopt a comprehensive approach to Border Management in international land border. This study investigates the status of BADP and Role of local people in execution and implementations. Further, to investigate the people’s perception on performance of BADP in the study areas.

Further, the programme was also extended to Bangladesh border during the eight five-year plans.During ninth five-year plan, BADP programme has been fully covered those states having international land border with India including Myanmar, China, Bhutan and Nepal.This programme was initiated under the ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India to adopt a comprehensive approach to Border Management in international land border.The border guarding force (BGFs) identify the priority villages which are located within the 10 KM radius from international land border and this village is known as Strategic village.The central governments have allocated Border Area Development Programme (BADP) Funds to States on the following criteria are: -➢ Total Length covered of the land international border area, total Population inhabitants of border blocks and total Area covered under border blocks.(All the three criteria shall have equal weightage).➢ Those Villages which are located within 0-10 km from the international land border areas are given first priority (Department of Border Management, 2009).➢ Only after saturation of 0-10 Km villages, State Government may take up the next set of villages within the 0-20 Km distance, 0-30 Km and so on up to 0-50 Km.Aerial distance will be taken into account.In Arunachal Pradesh, BADP was introduced in the year 1997-98 for Indo-Myanmar border with an allocation of amount Rs 4.00 crores.Further, in the year 1998-99 the programme was also covered in China and Bhutan border.This programme was initiated under the ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India to adopt a comprehensive approach to Border Management in international land border.The Border Area Development Programme (BADP) is a wholly funded by government of India and it is considered as centrally funded Area programme (Planning Commission, 2007).In Arunachal Pradesh, BADP schemes are implemented for construction of basic infrastructural facilities such as in construction of teacher quarter, classroom extension, playfield, drainage, etc. moreover, in health sector for construction of staff quarter, purchase of ambulance and purchase of medical equipment.Apart from that, BADP schemes are also implemented in agriculture sector such as community farming, farmers training, etc.Moreover, in Arunachal Pradesh, only 15 districts are covered under the Border Area Development Programme (BADP).Under these 15 districts only 45 blocks are covered under Border Area Development Programme (BADP) land bordering with the Myanmar, China and Bhutan.All border blocks are not fully covered under programme because first priorities are given to those villages which are fall within the 10 kms from the international border line.The total area of international land border with Arunachal Pradesh is 18,663 Sq.Kms.The total length of the international border with Myanmar is 520 Kms, with China is 1126 Kms and with Bhutan is 217 Kms (planning commission, 2001).

LITERATURE REVIEW:
There is a very little documentation relating to Border Area Development Programme (BADP) across the India.However, several researches as well as general studies have been conducted over the years with regards to other government programme in India.But no study has been conducted pertaining to the study of Performance of Border Area Development Programme (BADP).Hence, there is no literature on the topic except a few reports from NITI AYOG (planning commission).So, the present study is first of its kind.However, the following studies have some bearing and close association with the present study: (June 2015) has made an attempt to study about the total coverage of the BADP programme and their impact in India.Moreover, proper utilization of BADP fund and convergence with the other schemes also ambit under this study.However, the study also made to determine the ways to ensure greater effectiveness and efficiency of BADP as a developmental government scheme and to get a sense of confidence, safety and security and responsibility among the local people.This study is intended to evaluate whether the BADP programme has achieved the desired level of coverage and impact on the beneficiaries.The primary goal of this study was to comparative study among the different areas or sectors regarding their significance contributions and the difficulties/problems/bottlenecks in its implementation and execution.And it has found that the people's satisfaction levels are high in the infrastructure and asset creation in the study areas in comparison to their overall satisfaction of BADP performance.Whereas, people's satisfaction with irrigation infrastructure and creation of nonconventional sources of energy is created under BADP is low.And people's satisfaction with adult education, health care, local industry promotion, Panchayats' involvement, small industry promotion, rural sanitation, repair and maintenance works and skill up gradation in these states is not much satisfactory.Comparatively it is lower satisfaction than overall satisfaction.being trafficked.And it has found that the Trafficking of drugs takes place overwhelmingly through land borders followed by sea and air routes.Given the vulnerability of the borders to drug trafficking, India has tried to tackle the problem through the strategy of drug supply and demand reduction, which involves enacting laws, cooperating with voluntary organizations, securing its borders and coasts by increasing surveillance, as well as seeking the active cooperation of its neighbors and the international community.

OBJECTIVES:
This research aims to assess the efficiency and impact of Border Area Development Programs (BADPs) in various regions and countries by comparing their implementation and execution strategies.By examining the successes and challenges of these programs, the study seeks to provide insights into how governments and organizations can enhance the development outcomes in border areas.1.To study the status of BADP in the Arunachal Pradesh.2. To study the Role of local people in execution and implementations of this programme in the study area.3. To investigate the people's perception on performance of BADP in the study areas.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study is descriptive and analytical in nature.The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources.The primary sources collected through structure questionnaire.Further, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were conducted to know the perceptions of the people on the performance of the programme.Moreover, Various tools were extensively used for collection of primary data includes personal interview, schedules, informal discussion, observation, etc. whereas secondary data were collected through newspaper, journals, thesis, dissertations, websites, reports, etc. moreover, internet sources were extensively used for data collections.For the present study, Stratified Random Sampling under Probability Sampling Techniques was used.The study was caried out in three districts viz., Tawang, Dibang valley and Changlang district.340 sample were randomly taken from study areas.40 sample from Dibang valley and 150 sample each from Tawang and Changlang district.statistical software such as MS Excel, SPSS were used to analyse the data.Pie Chart, Bar Diagram, etc were used for presentations of the findings.

DISCUSSIONS AND ANALYSIS: 1. STATUS OF BADP IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH
Arunachal Pradesh, situated in the north eastern part of India is 83,743 sq km in its area and have a long international border of 1,863 Km long.Border with Bhutan to the west (217 km), China to the north and north-east (1126 km) and Myanmar to the east (520 km).It stretches from snow-capped mountains in the north to the plains of Brahmaputra valley in the south.Arunachal is the largest state area wise in the North-Eastern Region, even larger than Assam which is the most populous.The BADP was implemented in Arunachal Pradesh to address the unique needs of those residing in border regions and to close vital gaps in the state's physical and social infrastructure requirements.Additionally, to improve the Socio-economic, infrastructure and standard of living for those who live in the State's outlying border regions of Arunachal Pradesh.As per the above table it can be observe that Arunachal Pradesh state sharing longest international land border with China which is more than 50 percent of the total border.As far as concern with the distributions of funds in the Arunachal Pradesh, funds are allocated equal amount to each border block.irrespective of the border length, areas and populations funds are distributed evenly.As of 2021, the BADP programme is being implemented in 46 border blocks across 15 districts of Arunachal Pradesh.Since from 1997-98 to 2021-22, total amount of fund allocated to Arunachal Pradesh is Rs 1,382 crores which is around 10 percent of total allocations of country.During the study period Rs 518 crores amount were allocated to Arunachal Pradesh.
The year-wise (2015-2020) allocation of BADP fund for Arunachal Pradesh is given below: Since from beginning to 2020-21, the BADP fund allocated in Arunachal Pradesh is Rs 1410 crores in different sectors.Moreover, around 61 percent of total funds are allocated to those districts border sharing with China.As far as concern with the Bhutan and Myanmar, funds allocated only 17 percent and 22 percent respectively.Arunachal Pradesh sharing long international land border which is around 1,863 KM Around 60 percent of total length of border is sharing with China only.Moreover, with Bhutan and Myanmar is 12 percent and 28 percent respectively.

Figure: 1
During this five-year Rs 518 crore has been implemented under the BADP in the state.Rs 254 crores which is around 50 percent of the fund was allocated to those districts having border with China.Moreover, Rs 135 core and Rs 117 crore amount allocated to Myanmar and Bhutan border respectively.These funds were allocated in different sectors such as education, health, agriculture & allied, infrastructure, social, capacity buildings, security related and monitoring.According to June 2015 BADP modified guidelines, The distribution of funds should be in a manner that no single sectors get disproportionately large share of fund allocations to the state.Therefore, to ascertain the same, the maximum limit is suggested through the guidelines.Moreover, as per the guideline's emphasis must be laid on scheme for skill upgradations, productions-oriented activities, employment promotions and to create a sense of security in the border areas so that people do not migrates towards the non-border areas in search of livelihood.Further, as per guidelines, para.5.2, maximum limit of education, health and agriculture & Allied is suggested 10 percent each.infrastructure (I) is maximum limit 35 percent and infrastructure-II (Safety drinking water supply) is no maximum limit.During the study period it has reveal that the education sector and infrastructure were allocated more than the maximum limit of fund allocation.Whereas, agriculture & Allied sectors were allocated up to maximum limit.Funds allocations were made to take care of the special and unique problems faced by the people living in the international inaccessible border all round development.

ROLE OF LOCAL PEOPLE IN EXECUTION AND IMPLEMENTATIONS OF BORDER AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (BADP):
The Border Area Development Programme (BADP) is a flagship program in India that aims to promote the balanced development of border areas by providing essential Basic infrastructure development and economic opportunities to the people living in the border areas.The success of the programme is greatly depending on the active participations and involvement of the local people of the respective border areas.Here's the primary role they play in the execution and implementation of the programme: a) Identifying local needs: Local residents are the ones who best understand the specific challenges and requirements of their border areas.They play a crucial role in identifying the needs, priorities, and opportunities for development in their communities.Local populace and PRI members are the key persons to identify the needs for the development.b) Participatory Planning: The participation of local communities in the planning process is encouraged.Local residents, along with their elected representatives, can provide valuable insights into the projects and initiatives that would benefit their region the most.This participatory approach helps ensure that resources are allocated to projects that have the greatest impact.c) Formulating development plans: Local people often actively participate in the formulation of development plans for their region.They work closely with government officials and experts to ensure that the projects and initiatives align with the unique needs of the area.d) Participating in decision-making: Local representatives and community leaders have a say in decision-making processes related to the selection of development projects, allocation of resources, and overall implementation strategies.Their input is valuable in ensuring that projects are relevant and effective.e) Implementing projects: Local labor and resources are often used for the implementation of various development projects.Local people may be employed in construction, maintenance, and other projectrelated activities, which can generate employment opportunities and income for them.In summary, the active participation and engagement of local people are critical to the success of the Border Area Development Programme.Moreover, the role of local people in the execution and implementation of BADP is not only encouraged but also essential for the program's effectiveness.Their knowledge, involvement, and commitment are key factors in ensuring that the program addresses the specific challenges and opportunities in border areas and leads to sustainable development.As per above data, it has found that the programme is more focused on constructions of road & bridges, education sector, health sector, agriculture & allied sector, drinking water supply and social sector infrastructure.Moreover, the program's positive aspects include maintenance of assets created under the programme and generations of employment opportunities in the Tawang district.Constructions of SSI (small scale industry) and Sports infrastructure development is one of the poorest performances among the variables.Around 40 percent of the respondents believe that the performance of BADP in the sports infrastructural development is "Poor" or "Very Poor".As compare to other two study area (Dibang valley and Changlang district) is performing better.Overall response of the Tawang district is "Good" which is around 57 percent and 25 percent of the respondents are said "Neither Poor nor Good".Only around 1 percent of the respondents said "very good".Performance of BADP in the Dibang valley district is below the "Good" scale as data is ranging from "Very Poor" to "Good".According to above data it has found that, drinking water supply and social sector infrastructure is performing exceptionally well.Which is 65 percent and 55 percent "good" respectively and around 8 percent each in "Very good".Further maintenance of assets created under BADP is around 58 percent in "good" and around 28 percent in "very poor".In other hand, performance of BADP in Sports Infrastructure, Development of Model Village, Construction of Infrastructures for SSI and creations of employment opportunities is below "good" scale.As per above data, the overall response from the respondents is accounted for around 34 and 29 percent in "Poor" and "Good" respectively.Only around 1 percent of the respondents said "very good" According to above data it has reveals that the performance of the programme in the Changlang district in the Education Infrastructure, Agriculture & Allied sector and Drinking Water Supply exceptionally doing well.Which is more than 80 percent being in "good" or "Neither Poor nor Good".Further, Sports Infrastructure and Construction of Infrastructures for SSI (small scale industry) performance is unsatisfactory and being in "Poor" or "Very Poor" category.Which is accounted for 100 percent and 85 percent respectively.As per above data it has found that the around 38 percent of overall respondents said "Good" and around 28 percent said "Poor".Only around 2 percent of the respondents said "Very Good".The Border Area Development Programme is funded by the central government and is designed exclusively for the comprehensive development of villages situated along the international land border areas.The expectation of people in the border areas from the programme is enormously high.However, the performance of the BADP in the study areas is very far behind particularly in sports infrastructure, constructions of small-scale industry and maintenance of assets created under the programme.As per above data it has found that the Sports infrastructure in all three districts are "very poor" or "Poor".However, other variables are varied from the district to district.Further, creations of employment opportunities in the study areas are one of the challenging areas for the programme.The study has examined the perception of the Border Area Development Programme's impact in the study area.The data presented in the above is illustrates how the residents of border villages perceive and experience the impact of the BADP.Creations of physical infrastructure in all the sectors are satisfactorily except sports infrastructure and small-scale industry.Moreover, creations of employments opportunities in the study areas are far behind from expectations of the border area residents.

CONCLUSION:
According to report by NITI Aayog (June 2015) titled, "Evaluation Study on Border Area Development Programme (BADP)", findings indicate that the residents in the surveyed regions express higher levels of satisfaction with the infrastructure and asset development compared to their overall contentment with the overall performance of BADP.However, the satisfaction levels are notably lower when it comes to irrigation infrastructure and the establishment of non-conventional energy sources under the BADP initiative.As far as concern with the study areas, perceptions on the performance of the BADP, Tawang district found better performance as compared to Dibang Valley and Changlang district.Further, performance in sports infrastructure, development of small-scale industry and employment generation is least attentions given by the government.However, physical infrastructural development in the different sectors is quite satisfactory.The intended goals of the BADP in the study areas are achieved by creating physical infrastructure in the border areas.Such as construction of road, bridges, hostels, staff quarters and footpath.However, their usefulness of assets is misused or under used by the local inhabitants.Some of the assets created under the programme are lying idle, Wasteful expenditure, etc.

1 .
Toshihiro Kudo in his research article-"Border Industry in Myanmar: Turning the Periphery into the Center of Growth" (November 2007) attempt to study about the border industry competitiveness with reference to the garment industries.And it has also studied the growth of this industries in the neighbor area.It has found that garment industry has a golden opportunity to growth and development in the Myanmar border.Due to favorable location and lower rate of labor cost.Moreover, it also studied that why this particular factory is not extended to Myawaddy, where labor cost is cheaper than the Mae Sot area.Border region of the Myanmar no need to rely on center for any assistance.2. Pushpita Das in her research paper conducted in 2008 at India and Bangladesh border, made an analysis the recommendation by group of ministers on border management and the problems arising along the border.She also analyses those steps has taken by the government to overcome the problems.Moreover, she put forward to the union government to take up realistic and people-sensitive approach towards the improvement of border management.Proper training, improve living standards, physically and mentally wellbeing of the personnel guarding borders should be give more attention.Researcher suggests the Create innovative plans to solve the problems and implementing of scheme should be grater participants from Local people of respective areas.3. NITI AAYOG in their report-"Evaluation Study on Border Area Development Programme (BADP)" Entertainment facilities in the study areas are satisfactorily in comparison with the overall satisfaction.People of the study areas are totally not satisfied with the solar light facilities given under the BADP program.Regarding the seeds, fertilizers, bus sheds/stops, electrification facilities are satisfactorily in the study area.In comparison to the overall satisfactions over the technology under BADP are higher in the peoples' satisfaction.4. Dr. Pushpita Das in his research paper "Drug Trafficking in India: A Case for Border Security" (2012) made an attempt to explore the producers of heroin and hashish-the Golden Triangle and Golden Crescent (Afghanistan-Pakistan-Iran)-has made India's P border vulnerable to drug trafficking.Indigenous production of low-grade heroin as well as various psychotropic and prescription drugs and their growing demand in the neighboring countries and international market have added a new dimension to the problem of drug trafficking.Trends and patterns of drug trafficking in the country demonstrate that there is a gradual shift from traditional/natural drugs towards synthetic drugs that are • Email: editor@ijfmr.comIJFMR230611461 Volume 5, Issue 6, November-December 2023 4 ON PERFORMANCE OF BORDER AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS (BADP): To investigate the People's perceptions on Border Area Development Programs (BADP) in the study areas, various questions were asked to the respondents related to the infrastructural development and services.As the Border Area Development Program (BADP) is one such programme that specifically focusses on the comprehensive development of international border areas.People's perceptions of Border Area Development Programs (BADP) in the study area are vary widely depending on their individual experiences, perspectives, and the specific context of the program.Various variables were taken for the people's perceptions on the performance of the BADP in the study areas such as Road & Bridges, Health, Education, Agriculture & Allied, Sports, Drinking Water Supply, Social Sector and others (Model Village, SSI, Maintenance of assets created and Employment Opportunities).

Table1: District wise Sharing International border of Arunachal Pradesh Sl.No.
Statistical Abstract of Arunachal Pradesh, 2006, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.(2) Border Area Development Programme in Arunachal Pradesh, Department of Planning, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.Note: Kra Dadi, Siang and Longding district were not shown in separately.