A Review on Medicinal Plants Used as Alternative Treatment for Malaria: An Anti-Malarial Drug

Malaria remains an important risk around the globe public health, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. Malaria, a disease that infects millions of human beings worldwide, is still caused by numerous Plasmodium species , with Plasmodium falciparum being the most virulent and common in sub-Saharan Africa. Pregnant women tend to be at high risk despite great success in lowering malaria-related deaths. This study focuses on the usage of natural antimalarial treatments in Ghana, an economy with a severe malaria epidemic. Communities in Ghana rely on those natural remedies due to they perceive them to be efficient and affordable, especially in rural areas. The study's objectives involve figuring out the herbs applied in these preparations, evaluating their scientific validity, as well as deciding if they correspond to the requirements of the FDA for both domestic and foreign marketing. The World Health Organization's World Health Assembly has recognized the elimination of parasitic infections as one of its top goals. The obstacle with current antimalarial drug resistance necessitates people to search for novel treatments. The success rate of various plant-based malaria treatments is looked at in this study. In the end, results indicate the need for additional study in the search for appropriate antimalarial medical products and educate us to understand conventional herbal treatments and their roles in fighting the spread of malaria.


INTRODUCTION
Malaria poses a significant public health threat, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.Various Plasmodium species, such as Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malaria, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium knowlesi, are responsible for causing malaria (Yu et al., 2020).The transmission of these parasites occurs through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes.P. falciparum, being the most contagious species, leads to the highest rates of disease and mortality.Malaria remains a pressing issue, with 619,000 deaths and 247 million reported cases worldwide (Rahi & Sharma, 2022).sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where malaria cases and fatalities are most prevalent globally (Nkumama et al., 2017).In 2016, the World Health Assembly established a global technical plan aiming to eliminate malaria by 2030.Notably, the reduction in malaria mortality has been significant, but pregnant women in SSA remain the most at-risk population (Angupale et al., 2023).About 29 countries accounted of malaria for 95% of malaria cases worldwide, southeast Asia region accounted for the second highest burden globally, while only five countries accounted for more than half of the cases.Nigeria accounted for 27%, the democratic republic of Congo 12%, Uganda 5%, Mozambique 4%, and Niger 3% (Pradhan et al., 2022).Five countries in the Region-Bhutan, DPR Korea, Nepal, Thailand, and Timor-Leste-are among 25 countries and one territory worldwide that have been designated as having the potential to eradicate malaria by 2025.The Maldives and Sri Lanka have continued to maintain their status as malaria-free nations.September of 2023 (WHO, 2023).Ghanaians, particularly in rural areas, widely embrace herbal remedies for malaria treatment due to their perceived effectiveness and accessibility.Herbal treatments vary in plant compositions based on traditional knowledge.The research aims to identify herbs used in Ghanaian herbal antimalarial medications, examine scientific support for their use, and assess compliance with FDA standards (Peprah P et al., 2019).The World Health Assembly's commitment to achieving a 90% reduction in global malaria occurrence and mortality by 2030 is crucial.Universal healthcare inclusion and access to plasmodium treatment, prevention, and detection are emphasized (Million et al., 2022).The early diagnosis pillar, focusing on swift and effective malaria treatment, relies on remedies incorporating locally renowned herbs (Million et al., 2022).While significant progress was made post-World War II with the introduction of DDT and chloroquine, recent years pose new challenges.Since 2019, certain regions have witnessed an increase in malaria cases.In 2021, 247 million cases were diagnosed in 87 malaria-endemic nations, with Southeast Asia accounting for 3% of global cases.Children under the age of five remain the most vulnerable, constituting 67% of malaria-related deaths in 2019, attributed to their immunization status (WHO, 2021).Ongoing trials in countries like Malawi, Kenya, and Ghana aim to shed light on the benefits of the fourth dose and its long-term impact on child mortality (WHO, 2023).3. PAMAVAC, another promising malaria vaccine in development for the blood stage, holds the potential to revolutionize malaria prevention strategies, with ongoing research paving the way for a breakthrough.

Alternative approach
Biological, physical, chemical, and mechanical control of mosquitoes 1. Biological Control is a method that involves the use of natural predators, parasites, or pathogens to target and reduce mosquito populations, e.g., introducing mosquito larvae-eating fish into stagnant water bodies to control mosquito breeding.2. Mechanical Control is an approach involves the manipulation of the mosquito's environment to prevent its breeding or limit its access to humans, such as implementing proper waste management and eliminate potential breeding sites like discarded tires or containers that collect water.3. Chemical Control is use of chemical substances to kill or repel mosquitoes, either on a large scale or through personal protection measures.Like Spraying insecticides in mosquito-prone areas or using insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying.4. Physical Control is a method involves using physical barriers or modifications to prevent mosquitoes from reaching or biting humans.Such as installing screens on windows and doors to prevent mosquito entry, or using protective clothing such as long sleeves and pants to reduce exposure.Anyone of the above methods has its advantages and limitations.A comprehensive malaria control program often integrates a combination of these approaches to effectively target different stages of the mosquito life cycle and minimize the risk of disease transmission.

SUMMARY
This study appears to be thorough in its analysis of malaria in Ghana, emphasizing the application of homeopathic remedies.It's interesting to observe how Ghanaian people, particularly in rural regions, rely on herbal treatments because of their perceived efficacy and affordability.The goals of the study, which include determining which herbs were utilized, rating their scientific validity, and determining whether or not they complied with FDA regulations, offer a comprehensive approach.The World Health Assembly's summary of worldwide efforts to control malaria reflects the continued difficulties and the need for creative solutions.The topic gains depth with the consideration of the challenges presented by drug resistance to anti-malarial and the investigation of plant-based remedies.The comprehensive list of Ghanaian medicinal plants and the preparation and application techniques for each, provide important insights.It's important that the study recognizes the need for more investigation to fully comprehend herbal remedies and their function in the battle against malaria.The material is presented more visually when figures describing the chemical structures of antimalarial medications and possible vaccinations are included.All in all, it's a comprehensive examination of the topic, stressing the complexity of malaria and the significance of taking traditional herbal knowledge into account when looking for remedies.

Conclusion
Unique of the greatest established plus effortlessly avoidable roots of bereavement universal is malaria.Some plants contain high toxicity in their nature while some contain low toxicity; more research is needed to curtail their circumstances and then find some suitable plants for the treatment of malaria.There is a need to educate people concerning first aid treatment of malaria, and the prevention of mosquito bites, such as the use of treated mosquito bed nets, repellent oil and soap, and vaccination against pathogens.Granting the frequency of malaria and the number of malaria-related losses have been diminishing for eras, movement seems to be slowing down.Malaria suitcases have improved in the number of seats since 2014 up to date (2023).
Since Laveran in Algeria, Ghana, Nigeria, and India identified the etiology of malaria and the Plasmodium parasite in the nighttime 1800s, several methods have been tried with variable degrees of success to control and eradicate malaria off the face of the earth.We are still a long way from eradicating malaria, despite some significant breakthroughs in its control.There has been a recent emergence of resistance to the conventional front-line artemisinin-based combination therapy.
Nine nations in Southeast Asia were home to endemic malaria in 2021, book-keeping for 5.4 million suitcases in addition to 2% of statistics circumstances global.In 2021, 79% of the world's malaria cases originated in India.P. vivax was the culprit in almost 40% of all cases in this area.Malaria cases have dropped by 76% over the past 20 years, or 17.4 million fewer cases in 2021.The attachment of China as a nation with a malaria-free certification is a major recent accomplishment on the Asian continent, 79% of all malaria cases in Latin America are traced to Colombia, Venezuela Brazil, and Colombia.P. vivax is responsible for the majority of cases in this area 71.5% in 2021.The Amazon, which includes nine shapes of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Maranho, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, and Tocantins, is the only constituency in Brazil where malaria can be transmitted.Approximately 99.7% of the nation's malaria suitcases are concentrated in fashionable unique parts.P. vivax and P. falciparum are the two major Plasmodium varieties that source anthropoid malaria infections in Brazil.P. vivax contagions accounted for 83.0%(114,449) of the reported circumstances, pursued by P. falciparum impurities, which were responsible for 17.0%(23,408)  of the cases (Siqueira AM, 2016).Epidemiological data as of 2020 show a yearly decrease in malaria cases, with 139,211 suitcases recorded cutting-edge 2021.Many indigenous communities reside in the Legal Amazon, including the Yanomami, one of the biggest indigenous populations, who had about 11,530 cases of malaria in the previous years, or 9.93% of entirely malaria suitcases in Brazil (WHO, 2021).New approaches and enhancements to disease surveillance and management are nevertheless required.Argentina (2019), El Salvador (2021), and Paraguay (2018) using nothing instances of malaria on behalf of 3 years consecutively, are among the nations that have received the WHO accreditation of malaria-free nations.

Malaria Consequence Globally: A Quick Inform In
tropical and subtropical areas, malaria has a direct impact on the health of local populations and the growth of local economies.247 million additional cases are anticipated by the World Health Organization (WHO 2021).Fashionable 2021, 29 of the 84 nations where malaria is widespread (including French Guiana) Africa accounted for 95% of entire suitcases and 96% of deaths from the disease worldwide (WHO, 2021).Four nations: Nearly half of all cases were in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (12.3%),Nigeria (26.6%),Uganda (5.1%), and Mozambique (4.