Effectiveness of Webinar Assisted Nutritional Education Program on Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Nutrition in Special Situations Among Undergraduate Students of Institutes Under Kalgidhar Trust - Baru Sahib, India

: Nutrition is a basic human necessity as well as a requirement for a long and healthy existence. During special occasions like fairs, festivals as well as in situations of disasters or pandemics like COVID 19, the nutrition pattern get affected and fluctuates which again highlights the importance of maintaining healthy nutrition status in the midst of these situations. The aim of study was to assess the effectiveness of nutritional education program on knowledge and attitude regarding nutrition in special situation among undergraduate students. Pre-experimental (one group pre and post-test design) was carried out in this study. Using non-probability voluntarily sampling, 156 undergraduate students were selected from selected institutes of Kalgidhar Trust Baru Sahib. Self-structured knowledge questionnaire and attitude scale were used to collect the data from study participants through google form media. After pre-test 2 online sessions conducted on nutrition in special situations through google meet, after 7 days of intervention post-test was conducted through same media. The results showed pre-test knowledge score was increase from 14.8 with SD 5.5 to post-test mean score was 25.3 with SD 3.5. Attitude pre-test score was increase from 32.3 with SD 2.6 to post-test mean score was 44.5 with a SD 2.62. In pre-test 104 (66.7%) had inadequate knowledge, 44 (28.2%) had moderate adequate knowledge and 8 (5.1%) had adequate knowledge; for attitude 4 (2.6%) had negative attitude, 149 (95.5%) had

was 156 undergraduate students selected by volunteer sampling technique from Institutes of (Eternal University, Baru Sahib and Akal University, Talwandi Sabo) under The Kalgidhar Trust Baru Sahib, India.The group included only those undergraduate student who were present at the time of data collection and who had internet facilities.Written permission taken from the vice chancellor of both Universities before data collection.
Tools for data collection: Data were collected using the self-structured knowledge questionnaire and 5 point attitude scale.Tool consist 3 sections.
Section A: Socio-demographic sheet it consist total 15 questions.
Section B: Self-structured knowledge questionnaire it consist total 30 questions related to nutrition in special situations i.e. common disasters, fairs, festivals and community meals and COVID 19 situation Section C: Likert 5 points attitude scale it consist total 10 attitude statements from which 5 positive and 5 negative statements related to nutrition in special situations.
Scoring interpretation: Knowledge categories done according the original bloom cut off point and attitude categories done according the modified bloom cut off point.Positive attitude In structured knowledge questionnaire which contained 30 items regarding nutrition in special situations, each right response carried one mark and wrong response carried zero marks.For structured attitude scale which contained 10 items regarding nutrition in special situations, for positive and for negative statements highest score was five.Content validity was checked by the 7 expert's opinion from the field of nursing for the relevance, adequacy and appropriateness of the tool.Reliability of self-structured knowledge questionnaire was 0.74 and reliability of attitude scale was 0.8.

Data collection:
Written permission was obtained from the concerned authorities before the data collection and the investigator familiarized herself with her study participants and explained the purpose of the study to them by online mode.Duration of data collection was up to 2 weeks in the month of June-July, 2021.Data was collected through online mode with the help of google form.Firstly pre-test knowledge level and attitude were assessed by structured knowledge questionnaire and structured attitude scale.Time taken for the pre-test was 30 minutes.After pre-test 2 online sessions conducted on nutrition in special situations through google meet, then post-test was conducted on the 7 th day using the same structured knowledge questionnaire and structured attitude scale.
Data Analysis: Analysis and interpretation of data was done according to the objective of the study by using the descriptive and inferential statistics.3: shows frequency and percentage distribution of students based on their demographical variables.Majority of students from age group 18-21 years i.e. 114 (73.1%), followed by 22 -24 years i.e. 40 (25.6%) and 25-27 years 2 (1.3 %).Majority of students were female i.e. 147 (94.2%) followed by male i.e. 9 (5.8 %).
In frequency of meals taken per day majority of students i.e. 98 (62.8%) taking meals 3 or more time per day, 54 (34/6%) taking meal 2 times per day and 4 (2.6%) were taking meal 1 time per day.In dietary habits majority of students i.e. 120 (76.9%) were vegetarian followed by 24 (15.4%) were non vegetarian and 12 (7.7%)were Eggetarian.In preferred method of cooking 66 (42.3%) were using more method of cooking, 29 (18.6%) were using frying method of cooking, 27 (17.3%)were using boiling method, 15 (9.6%) were using baking, 14 % (9%) were using any other method of cooking and 5 (3.2%) were using roasting method of cooking at home or hostel.adequate knowledge and 8 (5.1%) had adequate knowledge.In post-test 9 (5.8%) had inadequate knowledge, 26(16.7%)had moderate adequate knowledge and 121 (77.6%) had adequate knowledge.6: paired t test results shows mean and standard deviation of pre and post test score of knowledge was 14.853±5.5808and 25.3 ±3.5034 respectively.And the mean difference was 10.45, which was highly significant at p value .000 it means the knowledge of undergraduate students was improved after conduction of nutritional education program.The mean and standard deviation of pre and post test score of attitude was 32.321±2.6396and 44.545±2.62respectively.And the mean difference was 12.23, which was highly significant at p value .000 it means the attitude of undergraduate students was changed after conduction of nutritional education program.Hence research hypothesis 1 was accepted at p value < 0.05 for both variables knowledge and attitude.

SECTION E: ASSOCIATION OF SELECTED SOCIO DEMOGRAPHICAL VARIABLES WITH PRE-TEST KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE SCORE:
One way ANOVA test used to find association between socio-demographical variables and pre-test knowledge and attitude score.It was found that name of course (p= 0.003), education of father (p=0.05),parenting by (p=0.02),type of food preferences (p=0.04) and preferred method of cooking (p=0.00) were significantly associated with pre-test knowledge score.But no significant association between sociodemographical variables and pre-test attitude score.

IV: DISCUSSION:
In present study it was revealed that 104 (66.7%) had inadequate knowledge, 44 (28.2%) had moderate adequate knowledge and only a small number 8 (5.1%) had adequate knowledge before planned nutrition education program.Attitude results showed that 4 (2.6%) had negative attitude, 149 (95.5%) had neutral attitude and 3(1.9%) had positive attitude before planned nutrition education program.
In present study it was revealed that 9 (5.8%) had inadequate knowledge, 26 (16.7%) had moderate adequate knowledge and 121 (77.6%) had adequate knowledge after planned nutrition education program.Attitude results showed that 8 (5.1%) had neutral attitude and 148(94.9%)had positive attitude no one had negative attitude after planned nutrition education program.
Similar study done by Husain W, Ashkanani F, Dwairji M. (2021) on "Nutrition Knowledge among College of Basic Education Students in Kuwait."found that majority of participants had a poor level of nutrition knowledge (84.1%),only 15.9% had a moderate level of knowledge, and none of the students had a high level of knowledge.Other similar study done by Moore, J. B., L. Pawloski, et al. (2009) on "The effect of a nutrition education program on the nutritional knowledge, hemoglobin levels, and nutritional status of Nicaraguan adolescent girls."Results of study revealed that girl's and mothers' nutritional knowledge has improved significantly after nutrition education intervention in majority of cases.
In this study knowledge pre-test test mean score was 14.853 with a standard deviation 5.5 and post-test mean score was 25.3 with a standard deviation 3.5 and mean difference was 10.45, it shown increased knowledge score and statistical paired't' test also indicated increased mean knowledge at the level of p< 0.001 (.000) it revealed nutrition education program was effective.The pre-test attitude mean score was 32.3 with a standard deviation 2.63 and post-test mean score was 44.5 with a standard deviation 2.62 and the mean difference was 12.23 it shown that there was change in positive attitude and statistical paired't' test also indicated attitude score found to be increased at the level of p< 0.001 (.000) it revealed effectiveness of nutrition education program.Hence, research hypothesis 1 was accepted at p value 0.000.
A comparable study conducted by M. Salem, G. and M. Said, R. (2018) on "effect of Health Belief Model Based Nutrition Education on Dietary Habits of Secondary School Adolescent Girls in Sharkia Governorate."The results of study reported that after nutritional education programme intervention, the mean nutrition knowledge score improved from 4.77 to 6.22.The average knowledge of healthy and bad lifestyle practices and diets increased from 2.36 to 3.80.The average food safety knowledge score increased from 3.79 to 6.01.A similar study done by Shen M, Hu M, Sun Z. (2015) on "Assessment of School-Based Quasi-Experimental Nutrition and Food Safety Health Education for Primary School Students in Two Poverty-Stricken Counties of West China".Results found that nutritional health education improved by 2-level differential models to 2.92, 3.78 and did not affect attitude.
The present study revealed there was association between the pre-test knowledge score and selected socio demographical variables.It was found that name of course (p= 0.003), education of father (p=0.05),parenting by (p=0.02),type of food preferences (p=0.04) and preferred method of cooking (p=0.00) were significantly associated with pre-test knowledge score.Hence research hypothesis 2 was accepted.But no association between the pre-test attitude score and selected socio demographical variables.Thus research hypothesis 2 was rejected in this condition.

V: CONCLUSION:
The present study was related to effectiveness of nutritional education program on knowledge and attitude among undergraduate students of Institutes of Eternal University, Baru Sahib and Akal University, Talwandi Sabo under the Kalgidhar Trust Baru Sahib.Nutritional education program was delivered by online mode to the study participants.Pre-test before NEP and post-test after NEP was done through google forms.The study findings revealed that there was significant improvement in post-test knowledge and attitude which showed the effectiveness of nutritional education program.So educating the undergraduate students regarding the nutrition in special situations will help to reduce the rate of health issues during pandemic and boost their immunity.It was the most effective intervention and was concerned with promoting health and preventing diseases.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
I acknowledge my debt of gratitude to our University (Eternal University, Baru Sahib Himachal Pradesh) providing support & encouragement for the successful completion of the study.Financial and material support: Self

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Bar diagram depict type of food preferences 78.2% preferred homemade healthy food, 3.2%preferred homemade fast food, 3.2% were preferred more type of food, 1.3 % were preferred packed healthy food and 1.3 % were preferred packed fast food.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Pie diagram depict pre-test score 67% had inadequate knowledge 28 % had moderate adequate knowledge and 5.1 % had adequate knowledge.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Pie diagram depict post-test score 6% had inadequate knowledge, 17% had moderate adequate knowledge and 77.6% had adequate knowledge.

Figure 7 :Figure 8 :
Figure 7: Scattered diagram depict the correlation between pre-test knowledge and attitude score.There was weak negative correlation in pre-test knowledge and attitude score (r= -0.06) based on Pearson correlation 'r' value.
A similar study done by Mansoorian M, Noori R, Khosravan S, Tabatabaeizadeh S, Khajavian N. (2021) on "Nutritional knowledge, attitude and behaviours regarding Coronavirus Disease 2019 among residents of Gonabad, Iran." Results shows no statistically important association with age, training, occupation, marital status or economic status in the mean values of nutritional knowledge and attitude.

Table 4 :
Frequency and percentage distribution of undergraduate students based on Pre-test and post-

Table 4 :
shows frequency and percentage distribution of students according to pre and post-test knowledge score categories, in pre-test 104 (66.7%) had inadequate knowledge, 44 (28.2%) had moderate

Table 5 :
Frequency and percentage distribution of undergraduate students based on Pre-test and post-test attitude score: N=156 S. No.