Inclusive Growth and Sustainable Development: In Context of Higher Education in India

Education is now seen to be the primary tool for inclusive growth of a country. Because it develops the skills, talents, and knowledge which is necessary for social growth, higher education is vital to society as a supply of skilled human resources and help in sustainable development because higher education enhance the abilities, positive mindset and favorable attitude towards sustainable development. Higher education is a strong instrument for expanding access to highly paid and skilled occupations is higher education, which also contributes to inclusive growth and sustainable development of a nation. Education plays a crucial part in ensuring sustained inclusive growth. The advancement of education is a highway to achieve inclusive growth. The notion of inclusive growth is wide and encompasses both major and small sectors. It encompasses all societal segments, including those who live below the poverty line and several marginalized groups. The goal of inclusive growth is to promote the nation's sustainable development by incorporating all regions and demographics equally and without discrimination. To attain the aim of inclusive growth and sustainable development, education is required at every level of society. The purpose of this research study is to examine how higher education contributes to inclusive growth. This paper is based upon secondary data which is collected from different different online sites and government reports. The highlights of this paper are expansion of higher education in India, new initiative towards inclusive growth and higher education enrollment. Ensuring that males and females have equal access to higher education options is the primary objective. The expansion of every societal segment in the nation is a challenge to the Indian government. The ideal strategy for sustained inclusive growth is to use higher education to assist individuals improves their potential and skills.


Introduction
Education is a way of life.It preserves the creative and sustaining spirit, propagates knowledge, instills moral values, and disseminates information pertinent to its institution.It is accurate to say that higher education is the mother of all vocations.India is the country with the most universities worldwide, and its system ranks third in the world for quality enrollment after the US and China.There's a widespread belief that economic development and progress may occur without a college degree.However, it is considered that reading and elementary education are crucial.Estimates of the internal rate of return also strengthened this kind of assumption.In many developing nations, higher education has been largely neglected as a result of growing national and international concerns about Education for all.The issue was made worse by the shortage of resources.However, because all educational levels are interdependent, obtaining a higher education is essential to creating and maintaining a excellent elementary and secondary education.It is also an essential component required for both the maintenance and expansion of the economy.It is crucial to remember that although basic education and literacy are critical to development, they are insufficient for economic growth.Without realizing the importance of higher education in development, many governments tend to ignore higher education and current initiatives at state level as well as national level are prove this.In the sustainable development of any nation no doubt elementary education helps to create the foundation but higher education assist to make human intelligence, decision making efficiency, planning, management skills and power of imagination and so on.One of the biggest problems facing the world's emerging economies is inclusive growth.The state and federal governments have been taking the initiative in recent years to promote equality among individuals with regard to their socioeconomic well-being, which includes equality with regard to social protection, human capital, and health.The majority of Indians, especially those living in rural regions, did not even own a bank account until a few years ago.The nation lags behind other nations in several economic and social dimensions.It was stated that the carefully thought-out structure the government had started may, at least in part, overcome this problem, but many of them are still pushing for more creative ways to achieve inclusive growth.

Review of literature
Anjali Ganesh (2011) stated that the industry academia model had to be included in the curriculum in her research paper, "Inclusive Growth in higher Education: an Indian Perspective," which emphasized the legal criteria for higher education.Talks about the Infosys Campus Connect Program to start promoting inclusivity for everyone creating industry-ready students, the second rung institute collaborates with the institute of excellence in industry-ready universities.In his article titled "How Inclusive is Higher Education in India?," Jandhyala B. G. Tilak (2015) focused mainly on the disparities in higher education by gender, social groups (caste and religion), region (rural and urban), and economic groups of the population, taking into account higher education attainment and gross enrolment ratio as significant indicators.In 2016, Dr. Anil Adsule studied "The Challenges of Inclusive Growth in Indian Contest," and determines the importance and barriers of inclusive growth, determined the barriers that the idea of inclusive growth must overcome and recommended ways to implement the idea.
According to Jalan (2009), inclusive growth attempts to include the nations impoverished in its economic trajectory by incorporating the unofficial sector into the official financial system.According to Upadhyay (2010), financial services that are easily available are essential for both human and economic development.Including the excluded as agents of growth rather than as welfare targets is how inclusion should be seen.Taking care of the impoverished and their needs, productivity, and vulnerabilities should be a prerequisite for inclusion.A impoverished individual must have access to a variety of financial services, including savings, payments, remittances, and insurance, if he is to participate in economic progress.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. To know the conceptual framework of higher education and sustained inclusive growth.2. To study about new initiatives of higher education taken by Indian government.3. To assess the difficulties that India's higher education system faces.

Material and Methods
This study is an analytical study about inclusive growth and sustainable development.This paper is consist only secondary data.The secondary data is collected through Secondary sources including Research paper, reports, online websites and Government Reports etc.Since the goal of the research is to describe several markers of inclusive growth, no statistical analysis was done on collected data.The majority of the data was displayed in its original format.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND HIGHER EDUCATION
a. Availability: This refers to the possibility of providing all pupils with instruction on the same platform.Infrastructure and educational facilities play a significant role in higher education, and providing them to all students is essential to connecting them to the most recent developments in the field.b.Accessibility: While having educational and infrastructure resources available alone is not enough, all students must have equal access to them in order to benefit from them.As such, all students should have equal access to these resources regardless of their gender, religion, or socioeconomic background.c.Affordability: If educational and infrastructure resources are out of reach for certain pupils, then no one uses them, even if they are accessible.As a result, in addition to affordability, inclusive expansion in higher education is crucial.d.Acceptability: In this case, instructors play a key role in providing pupils with an education, therefore having a positive and appropriate attitude is essential.As a result, more students will be able to participate in higher education as this positive spreads throughout their attitudes.Discrimination should not be a part of the delivery of education.e. Adaptability: This is the flip side of adaptability, which is the ability of students or education to adjust to societal changes and be able to be adopted

OBSTACLES IN THE WAY OF INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA
1. Uneven percentage of share of education distributed: One of the main issues facing higher education is the unequal percentage of share of Education may be impacted by caste, community, religion, rural or urban location, or gender discrimination, among other factors.The growth of the populace is essential to the nation's progress, and education is the only thing that can make this happen.Therefore, the percentage share of education should be raised for the inclusive growth of all sectors.2. Require sufficient funding: One of the obstacles to inclusive expansion in higher education is providing more suitable financial support for education.The government is making several efforts to offer financial aid to students, but the main challenge is getting those benefits to students.Planning ahead will help you save time, money, and energy.Different colleges and institutions need to be managed and coordinated properly and effectively.Students will benefit from the sharing of innovative techniques and technological advancements for educational growth made possible by the coordination of many institutions and universities.

INCLUSIVE GROWTH OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA
Higher Education is growing rapidly in current era.Following data are showing the growth of Higher Education in Relation with the new initiatives and digital era.Recent initiatives in higher education for inclusive growth and sustainable development EQUIP Enhancing access, inclusiveness, quality, excellence, and employability is the goal of the Department of Higher Education's Education Quality Upgradation and inclusiveness Program (EQUIP).Through the use of strategic interventions, it hopes to significantly enhance all the important areas.Goals Resolve the access disparities caused by geography and socioeconomic class by doubling the Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER).Bring education up to par with international norms.List at least fifty Indian colleges among the top 1,000 worldwide.Every institution should be accredited as a guarantee of excellence.TEQIP The Government of India's "Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP)" seeks to advance and assist existing initiatives to raise the standard of technical education.The Program was intended to be a long-term undertaking that would be carried out in three stages over a period of ten to twelve years.Phase I was a centrally planned project involving the state and central sectors that was carried out with support from the World Bank.The USA, Australia, South Africa, Singapore, China, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE are just a few of the nations where the exams will be held.The United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Malaysia, and Thailand are among the seven potential locations abroad that a government-appointed committee to support the development of IIT overseas campuses recommended.As a result, the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are poised to expand internationally.

SWAYAM
The Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds, or SWAYAM, is an integrated platform that provides affordable online courses to students in their early years.SWAYAM Prabha Through the SWAYAM Prabha program, 32 high-quality educational channels are available nationwide via DTH (Direct to Home) around-the-clock.It offers curriculum-based instruction in a variety of subjects.The major goal of this is to improve the accessibility of high-quality learning resources to remote locations where internet connectivity poses significant challenges.It uses a GSAT-15 satellite for service.The NDL or National Digital Library The National Digital Library of India (NDU) is a platform and endeavors to create an online learning resource repository with a one-window search capability.On this site, there are around 3 crore digital content available.With this platform, over 50 lakh students have registered.The NDL mobile app facilitates easy resource access for users.

E-VIDWAN
It offers pertinent details like the expert's education, experience, and publications in academic journals, accomplishments, and identity as a researcher, among other things.It offers data on subject matter specialists to national research researchers, colleagues, and possible partners with cooperation of professionals who possess the knowledge that researchers need is beneficial.The NAD or National Academic Depository An effort to offer an online repository for all academic prizes is called the National Academic Depository (NAD).It is a round-the-clock online repository for all academic credentials, including degrees, certificates, and mark sheets that have been properly digitized and submitted by boards, assessment agencies, and academic institutions.An academic award's ease of access and retrieval is guaranteed by NAD, which also verifies the award's legitimacy and efficient storage.

Shodhgangotri
Research scholars and research supervisors at universities can register for a PhD program by depositing an electronic version of the authorized summary that the research scholars have submitted to the institutions through the Shodhgangotri initiative.The research trends and orientations being carried out in Indian institutions are made visible via this resource.Additionally, it prevents redundant research.

E: Shodhsindhu
All higher education institutions have access to more than 15,000 worldwide electronic journals and ebooks under the e-ShodhSindhu project.This gives the user digital access to the greatest learning materials available worldwide.The organization in charge of this program is INFLIBNET in Gandhi nagar, Gujarat.Impact of Higher Education initiatives on inclusive growth: • Greater access to education: Students who reside in remote locations or face other obstacles to attending traditional classrooms may find it easier to pursue higher education because of digital initiatives.• Higher learning quality: Students may benefit from more individualized and interesting learning experiences due to digital efforts.• Increased affordability: By lowering the price of textbooks and other resources, digital efforts can contribute to the affordability of higher education.• Efficiency gain: Faculty time may be better spent on teaching and research when administrative procedures are streamlined in digital era.
• Gross enrollment ratio: GER is 27.1% which is increased as compare to last year but still low compare to some other countries.• Gender parity index: GPI is 1.05% which is a favorable indicator for inclusive growth • Female GER overtaken male GER • Teacher-pupil ratio has been consistently increasing at all level

Conclusion
In order to get a better quality of life, social development, international comprehension, and environmental adjustments-all of which will contribute to inclusive growth of people need.There are differences in terms of enrollment as shown in the current trends of higher education enrollment rate and accessibility of educational resources across the country.The differences between men and women are similar.Education is necessary for people to grow morally, intellectually, and physically.It also helps people develop socially, comprehend the world, and adapt to their surroundings, all of which will contribute to growth.The differences between men and women enrollment are equally significant.Thus, both public and private institutions should actively participate in efforts to raise the proportion of women in higher education.No doubt in recent year's Indian government takes many initiatives for promotion of higher education because higher education is a key of individual as well as nations inclusive growth.These initiatives are actively contribute in nation's inclusive growth and sustainable development.But in Indian higher education system many obstacles are present and due to these obstacles Indian higher education system are not develop as compare to some other developed countries.

3 .
Need for skilled and competent faculty: The ability and caliber of educators are key factors in the success of educational growth.4. Need for Appropriate Discipline in Universities and Colleges: To encourage students, universities and colleges should maintain proper discipline. 5.The need for syllabus material that is current and incorporates new ideas, trends, etc.The academic program's contents have to be of the highest caliber and demanding.6.It is necessary to have committed employees who will prioritize moral and social growth in addition to promoting academic achievement and overall development Growth 7. Less Emphasis on the Development of Cognitive Skills and Learning Outcomes.

Phase 2
of the initiative will involve about 200 universities over a 4-year period based on competitive financing from 2010 to 2011.Phase 3 is a crucial part of raising the standard of engineering education and is completely linked with the Technical Education goals of the Twelfth Five-year Plan.Existing institutions for Low Income States and Special Category States (SCS) are given special consideration.The Institute of Eminence (IoE) initiative was started with the goal of enabling higher education institutions to become global leaders in both teaching and research.IoE has picked ten public and ten private institutions that will become world-class centers for teaching and research.The ability to choose their own curriculum, hire instructors, set their own prices, and so on would be enjoyed by the institutions.A government grant totaling Rs. 1,000 crores will be given to public institutions covered by the IoE label.Finance and Funding Agency for Financing Higher Education The Ministry of Education and Canara Bank jointly own the Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA).In India's top educational institutions, HEFA offers financial support for the development of educational facilities and research and development.RUSA stands for Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan.The goal of the Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) is to give qualifying state higher education institutions strategic financing.The central financing would be outcome-based and norm-based, distributed as follows: 60:40 for general category states, 90:10 for special category states, and 100% for union territories.Prime Minister's Research Fellows (PMRF) in research and development The goal of the Prime Minister's Research Fellows (PMRF) Program is to raise the standard of research being conducted at the nation's higher education institutions.All of the IITs, all of the IISERs, the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, and a few of the best Central Universities and NITs that grant degrees in science and technology are among the institutions that are able to offer PMRF.The program aims to realize the objective of growth through innovation by attracting the greatest individuals into research through the provision of attractive fellowships.Professorship for National Research (NRP) The National Research Professorship program was established by the Indian government in 1949 to recognize and reward outstanding academics and researchers for their contributions to knowledge.Those of true distinction who are at least 65 years old, have made notable contributions to their disciplines, and are still able to conduct fruitful research are given consideration for appointment as National Research Professors.SPARCA By promoting academic and research collaborations between Indian institutions and the top institutions worldwide, the Ministry of Education's Scheme for Promotion of Academic and Research Collaboration (SPARC) seeks to enhance the research ecosystem of India's Higher Educational Institutions.Additional Projects For the technical domains, Impacting Research, Innovation, and technical (IMPRINT).For the social sciences, there is the Scheme for Translational Research in Sciences (STARS), while for the basic sciences; there is Impactful Research in Social Sciences (IMPRESS).For interdisciplinary humanities research, there is the Scheme for Transdisciplinary Research for India's Developing Economy (STRIDE); for cross-border research.Global outreach The top 100 Indian universities that have volunteered to give more than 20,000 spots to overseas students have been recognized by the Study in India initiative, which was established in 2018.The Indian government intends to conduct the Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE) across 25 nations.

FOSSEE
FOSSEE stands for Free and Open Source Education Software.A project called FOSSEE encourages the usage of open-source software in educational settings.It is created by Bombay's IIT.It offers educational resources like audio lessons, documents like textbook supplemental materials, and awareness campaigns like conferences, training sessions, and internships.This initiative has involved over 2,000 college students and professors, and about 1,000 textbook companions (TBCs) have been created in Scilab and made available for free download of various applications.Online Laboratory The goal of this project is to create completely interactive labs with simulated environments where people may conduct experiments, gather information, and respond to questions in order to assess their comprehension of the material and meet the goals of contemporary education.There are around 225 labs.Shodhganga An electronic theses repository (ETD) with free access to Indian theses and dissertations is called Shodhganga.It assists in preventing redundant research, dissertation and theses' work.The following are some significant shodhganga facts: It is an electronic archive of dissertations and theses that has been turned in to Indian institutions.Assemblage of more than 3880 theses and dissertations Sixty-two universities contribute, and seventy universities are linked together.It is required by UGC Gazette Notification (Minimum Standards & Procedures for the granting of M.Phil/PhD Degree, rule, 2009) that PhD theses be submitted.
Some major Element of sustained Inclusive Growth which can enhance the development of nation