Systematic Literature Review on Enhancing Disaster Resilience through Spatial Planning Strategies

PRISMA Framework in this case is indispensable as it has globally been accepted as a model to undertake a systematic literature review. Microsoft Excel Sheet was applied in analysing the results for presentation in bar and pie charts for effective unleashing of included studies. The included studies totalled 31 after the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Analysis revealed that most of the disaster resilience literature published is geared towards spatial planning followed by flood risk resilience. Also, most of these case studies were found in Europe. However, none of these 31 studies was the same as the chosen topic. Meta-analysis was done through the application of the PRISMA framework. Most of the included studies were case studies from Europe which implies that they have benefited from disaster resilience literature whereas continents like Africa and New Zealand have not benefitted so much from publications. This is an opportunity for scholars to embark on more research on the chosen topic. A limited number was included and generalization on the outcome of this literature review must be accompanied by the assumption that: apply the study topic based on a geographic case study to avoid duplication. The analysis of the results from the 31 studies implies that none of the published studies have written on this research topic and scholars should explore it to reduce disaster occurrence as climate change looms high.


Introduction
Disaster occurrences continue or intermittently cause shocks to humanity through the destruction of property or the claiming of lives.The trauma and psychological stress caused by the incidence of disasters either artificial or natural should be anticipated through strategic spatial planning.This research aims to furnish scholars with up-to-date trends and statuesque literature published on "enhancing disaster resilience through spatial planning strategies".The sustained progression of a field of research largely depends on the continuity and growth of research knowledge and capabilities.For a field to progress, it must be conscious of its historical patterns to obtain insights into possible future developments and implications that contribute to the accumulation of knowledge (Dwivedi et al., 2022).In general, the main purpose of review studies is to analyse what has already been done in the field.Review studies, despite contributing significantly to the development of knowledge, This paper detects gaps in the literature captured and sets an ambition to contribute to the body of knowledge hitherto conducted and open new windows or grey areas for researchers to explore in the quest to safeguard humanity against disaster occurrence through spatial planning strategies.Strategizing against disasters is the prior objective of most nations in an attempt to adopt a proactive approach to disasters instead of a reactive one.In 2017 alone, more than 200 papers were published on resilience in the field of risk and disaster management, a sevenfold increase from 10 years earlier (Graveline & Germain, 2022).The spectre of natural disasters looms large, often striking with devastating consequences, especially in vulnerable communities.With the increasing frequency and intensity of these events attributed to climate change, the imperative to fortify communities against their impact has reached critical importance.The European Union (EU) has firmly positioned itself as a global leader in promoting and implementing Nature Based Solutions (NBS) (Davies et al., 2021) Most development interventions are not designed with a climate change 'adaptation' label, but they likely influence communities' capacity to adapt to changing shocks and trendswhether as a result of climate change or other pressures associated with development (Jones et al., 2010).A framework for understanding and assessing adaptive capacity at the local level is needed to begin to understand how it can be supported through wider development processes at both local and national levels.Such a framework may in time serve as a platform to monitor progress, identify needs and allocate development resources to enhance a system's ability to adapt to change.There is a need to change society as a whole, and this cannot be tackled by the mindset of traditional planning, with rigid procedures and tools.Instead, strategic spatial planning is believed to be a more proactive response, which calls for a more transformative practice (Albrechts, 2011).Spatial planning, as a proactive measure in disaster risk reduction, stands as a pivotal tool in mitigating vulnerabilities and enhancing resilience.However, traditional top-down approaches often fall short of addressing the nuanced needs and dynamics of vulnerable communities.The research question in this systematic review is, how can spatial planning strategies enhance disaster resilience?Based on this research question, the following objectives are formulated: to apply the systematic literature review to thoroughly assess literature published on enhancing disaster resilience through spatial planning strategies.Identification of research gaps in the available literature and propose future research directions.This paper also seeks to delve into the efficacy of a strategic approach to spatial planning as a means of bolstering disaster resilience within vulnerable settings.In these contexts, where socio-economic disparities, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental susceptibility intersect, the role of spatial planning strategies in modelling sustainable cities becomes paramount.

Methodology
The website search platforms such as Scopus, Connected Papers and Google Scholar were widely used to generate databases on the subject matter.All of them are web-based internet sources for acquiring data for systematic literature review.They have immensely contributed as search engines for the facilitation of this paper as a means of soliciting historical literature to diverse contributions made in the quest to ameliorate the impact posed by the occurrence of disasters through spatial planning strategies.The search terms used are Disaster Resilience OR Spatial Planning.The development of the search terms was conducted in line with the Boolean Operatives (Linnenluecke et al., 2020).The data generated from the above sources were presented in tabular form giving details of each article.Since they were auto-generated it became easy for synthesis.The identification of the relevant data led to the creation of a database for relevant literature.
The search for data commenced on 1st December 2023.Through the above sources, 126 published papers were generated for screening.Application of the inclusion criteria allowed the inclusion of articles.Also, articles published in English were included as those written in other languages are not understandable.Also, all articles published between 2010 and 2023 on the subject were selected.Finally, publications closely related to the subject matter were included to satisfy the process to its successful conclusion.All publications that were made in books and conference papers were excluded.Publications made in other languages apart from English were excluded.Also, publications that did not relate to the research topic were excluded.Finally, publications outside 2010 to 2023 were excluded to limit results to current publications.The PRISMA Framework was used to establish the inclusion and exclusion criteria for literature on the subject matter.The application of the PRISMA Framework in this case is indispensable as it has globally been accepted as a model to undertake a systematic literature review.Cochrane systematic reviews are conducted and reported according to rigorous standards.A study flow diagram must be included in a new review, and there is clear guidance from the PRISMA statement on how to do this (Stovold et al., 2014).The scope of the review focuses on all related articles and journals published on "enhancing disaster resilience through spatial planning strategies".The website search platforms such as Scopus.In describing eligible research publications for each synthesis identification, the PRISMA framework was applied.This is illustrated in Figure 1.Screening of the results was based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Inclusion criteria may include relevance to the research question, publication date, and language.Exclusion criteria may include irrelevant topics, publication type, and study design.Extract data: Extract data from the selected studies.This may include study design, sample size, data collection methods, and key findings.

Results
Synthesizing the results of the selected studies from the database is enough evidence to declare a generalization on the findings and observations made (Finfgeld-Connett, 2010).The key observations made include the identification of common research themes, patterns, and gaps in the literature.Further synthesis also revealed that these papers are provided in the following themes: hazard and risk analysis, flood behaviour analysis, assessment frameworks and metrics, and intervention strategies.The contributions are discussed in the broader context of the field of flood risk and resilience management and future research directions are identified for sustainable and resilient disaster management.4 indicates the similarity of the chosen publications with the research topic on a Likert Scale of 1, 2 and 3 for low, medium and high similarity respectively.The relative closeness to the research area for reviewing literature was one of the inclusion criteria for the relevant publications for the period under review.13 of the selected publications were highly similar to the chosen research topic and 8 were medium  Authors who contributed to the publicity of these 31 selected articles are analysed in Figure 5 to appreciate their contributions within this period.Meng Meng M. Dąbrowski and D. Stead published 5 papers out of the 25 authors who published the 31 articles.P. V. Veelen and Zuzana were the second highest as each of them was able to publish 2 papers as compared to others who were able to publish 1 article.Focus on flood resilience in Asia.The article provides a description of sectorial and regional planning in the Republic of Belarus which consists of a hierarchically organized system of socioeconomic development programs of the republic, its regions and districts as well as the complex documents of regional planning.(  The governance of flood risk planning in Guangzhou, China: using the past to study the present.
The paper distinguishes two major transformations of the approach to dealing with water in Guangzhou.Historically, the city was built under the influence of Fengshui Philosophy and co-existed with water.Then, the approach shifted towards engineeringbased solutions to contain flood risk under the stress of rapid city expansion ( There is a significant knowledge gap in the study of resilience concepts, assessment frameworks and measures, and management strategies.This editorial introduces the latest advances in flood risk and resilience management, which are published in 11 papers in the Special Issue.This paper provides a case study for the creation, maintenance, and attempts to break path dependency within the management of rivers in the Rangitāiki Plains of Aotearoa New Zealand from the 1890s  1 indicates the 31 Authors included in this systematic review and their research focus.These are empirical evidence against which inferences can be made about how similar the published topics are related to the chosen research topic.A summary of the results is tabulated in Table 2 and analysed in Figure 6.6 to display the focus of the included studies.These are the main focus of the included studies which provides credence to the fact that, the majority of the included studies totalling 13 which is 49 percent out of the 31 included studies focused on spatial planning.Consequently, the confidence level for the included studies is very high.

Discussion
In synthesizing the results of the systematic literature review comprehensively, the PRISMA Framework analysis has clearly illustrated the methodical procedure by which researchers can use the selected topic, "enhancing disaster resilience through spatial planning strategies," to ensure formidable disaster resilience through spatial planning strategies.The majority of the authors in the publications that were evaluated focused on flooding; nevertheless, disasters should be considered holistically, encompassing not just starvation but also fire outbreaks, car accidents, wind storms, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.After reviewing the selected journal's abstract, methodology, important findings, research gaps, and conclusions, their focal areas provided sufficient proof for eligibility for selection during the systematic literature evaluation.Where appropriate, figures have been used to support the database that was sourced from different websites to clarify the steps involved in adding to the body of knowledge that has previously been acquired.In terms of resemblance, disaster resilience in spatial planning leads the 31 examined literature with 42 per cent.Disaster resilience accounts for 19 per cent and flood resilience is the third with 16 per cent.This result confirms that the 31 papers that made up this review's sample were chosen with minimal bias in the existing literature.Spatial planning remains an antidote to all dimensions of disasters notwithstanding the natural occurrence of some of these incidents.Spatial dimensions affect all activities embarked upon by people, hence its strategies remain indispensable so far as disaster occurrence is concerned.

Conclusion
We have reviewed the materials on improving disaster resilience through spatial planning strategies in this systematic literature review.The role of spatial planning in reducing disaster risk and vulnerability, the opportunities and challenges of incorporating disaster resilience into spatial planning, the best strategies and resources for putting disaster resilience into practice, and the assessment and tracking of spatial planning outcomes for disaster resilience are the four main themes that emerged from the review.Our review has discovered that spatial planning can play a significant role in enhancing disaster resilience by addressing the underlying causes of disaster risk, such as exposure, hazard, and capacity, and by promoting sustainable and inclusive development.However, we have also found that many gaps have not been addressed in the previous research such as barriers and constraints that hinder the effective integration of disaster resilience into spatial planning, such as lack of awareness, coordination, resources, data, and participation.To address these gaps and provide recommendations for future research paths related to spatial planning strategies and techniques, we have proposed strategies to address the issues posed by disasters.The measures encompass fortifying the legal and institutional structures, augmenting the capability and cooperation of relevant parties, improving the accessibility and calibre of data and information on disaster, and involving and integrating marginalized populations and groups in the process of spatial planning.Researchers have the opportunity to leverage these grey areas in their efforts to develop a robust capacity for disaster resilience and climate change adaptation

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Case Studies by ContinentSource: Authors' construct, 2023 Continent was not used as an exclusion criterion.Figure3demonstrates the case study areas of the publications made during the period for reviewing the literature.Europe is the leading continent for publications on disaster resilience followed by Asia.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Similarity to Research Topic Source: Authors' construct, 2023 Figure4indicates the similarity of the chosen publications with the research topic on a Likert Scale of 1, 2 and 3 for low, medium and high similarity respectively.The relative closeness to the research area for reviewing literature was one of the inclusion criteria for the relevant publications for the period under review.13 of the selected publications were highly similar to the chosen research topic and 8 were medium similar to the chosen topic, however, 10 were lowly similar to the chosen research area.Since the research area did not coincide with any of the 31 selected topics then it offers an opportunity for researchers to leverage to develop robust thinking in disaster resilience.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Publications by Authors' Source: Authors construct, 2023Authors who contributed to the publicity of these 31 selected articles are analysed in Figure5to appreciate their contributions within this period.Meng Meng M. Dąbrowski and D. Stead published 5 papers out of the 25 authors who published the 31 articles.P. V. Veelen and Zuzana were the second highest as each of them was able to publish 2 papers as compared to others who were able to publish 1 article.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Focus of Selected Studies Source: Authors' construct, 2023 When it comes to resemblance, disaster resilience in spatial planning leads the 31 examined research with 42 per cent.Disaster resilience in climate change adaptation also accounts for 19 per cent which ranks next.This result confirms that the 31 articles that made up this review's sample were chosen with minimal bias in existing literature.

Table 2 summarizes
Table 1 which is analysed in figure