Unveiling the Antibacterial Properties of Plant Extracts: Insights and Innovations for Future Therapies

In this comprehensive review, diverse studies on plant extracts and their antibacterial properties are synthesized. The investigations encompass various plant species, shedding light on their efficacy against different bacterial strains and presenting potential therapeutic applications. For instance, Anoectochilus formosanus extracts demonstrate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Zygophyllum simplex, particularly its dichloromethane extract, exhibits significant antibacterial activity against foodborne bacteria. Verbascum thapsus L. displays varying antibacterial efficacy between leaf and flower methanol extracts. Rheum khorasanicum root extract shows antibacterial activity, with the April sample exhibiting the highest overall efficacy. Green tea extracts, Nauclea species, Citrus essential oils, Cannabis sativa L., and Morinda coreia also demonstrate antibacterial potential against various strains. Cymodocea serrulata, Aloe vera/Morinda citrifolia extracts, and Salvadora Persica (Miswak) extract exhibit antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Plocamium rigidum and Beilschmiedia genus show promise against Escherichia coli and multidrug-resistant bacteria. Allanblackia species, Harungana madagascariensis, Minthostachys verticillata essential oils, clove essential oil, and Garcinia species present antibacterial efficacy. Additionally, Primula plants in the Western Himalaya, Bridelia ferruginea leaf extracts, and traditional use in Africa for wound healing are explored. These studies collectively emphasize the potential of plant extracts as sources for novel antibacterial agents, urging further research and development in this area.


INTRODUCTION
The alarming rise of antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat to global public health, rendering many conventional treatments ineffective and leading to an increase in persistent infections and mortality rates.The overuse and misuse of antibiotics have accelerated the emergence of resistant strains, challenging healthcare systems worldwide.As a result, there is a growing urgency to discover and develop novel antimicrobial agents that can effectively combat these resistant pathogens.In this context, the exploration of natural products, particularly plant extracts, has garnered considerable interest.Plants have long been a cornerstone of traditional medicine, offering a vast reservoir of bioactive compounds with diverse pharmacological properties, including antibacterial activity.
Plants produce a wide array of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and essential oils, many of which have demonstrated potent antimicrobial effects.These compounds are part of the plants' natural defense mechanisms against pathogens, making them valuable candidates for developing new therapeutic agents.Unlike synthetic antibiotics, which typically target specific bacterial processes, plant-derived compounds often exhibit multiple modes of action, reducing the likelihood of bacteria developing resistance.Additionally, the structural diversity of these natural compounds offers a broad spectrum of activities against various bacterial strains, including those that are multidrug-resistant.The resurgence of interest in phytotherapy is not just a response to antibiotic resistance but also reflects a growing recognition of the potential of natural products in modern medicine.Historically, plants have been used in different cultures to treat infectious diseases, with many traditional remedies being validated by contemporary scientific research.For instance, Anoectochilus formosanus, a plant traditionally used in East Asian medicine, has shown antibacterial activity against common pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Similarly, Zygophyllum simplex, used in traditional medicine in arid regions, has been found to possess significant antibacterial properties, particularly in its dichloromethane extract, which is effective against foodborne bacteria.The therapeutic potential of plant extracts is further underscored by studies on widely consumed plants such as green tea, which has been recognized for its broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, and Cymodocea serrulata, a seagrass known for its bioactive compounds with antibiofilm capabilities.Additionally, extracts from Aloe vera combined with Morinda citrifolia, and Salvadora persica (commonly known as Miswak), have shown promise not only in antibacterial applications but also in inhibiting biofilm formation, suggesting their potential use in both therapeutic and preventive healthcare.This review aims to synthesize findings from diverse studies on the antibacterial properties of plant extracts, highlighting the efficacy of different plant species against various bacterial strains and exploring their potential applications in modern medicine.By providing a comprehensive overview of the antibacterial potential of plants such as Cannabis sativa L., Morinda coreia, Plocamium rigidum, and others, this review seeks to underscore the importance of further research and development in this area.The goal is to inspire continued exploration into plant-based antibacterials, which could lead to the discovery of novel agents capable of addressing the escalating challenge of antibiotic resistance.As the pharmaceutical industry continues to seek new solutions to combat infectious diseases, the rich biodiversity of plant life offers a promising avenue for the development of innovative and effective antibacterial therapies.The efficacy ranked as DCM > butanol > water > methanol > hexane.3. Verbascum thapsus L., or Great Mullein, has been traditionally used for treating lung ailments and respiratory diseases.A study found that the methanol extract from its leaves exhibited slightly stronger antibacterial activity (50-62%) compared to the flowers (42-54%).This extract was effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Haemophilus influenzae, demonstrating its potential as a natural remedy for respiratory infections.4. In the study by Mehrabani et al., the antibacterial activity of Rheum khorasanicum root extract was evaluated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.The study found that the antibacterial efficacy varied with the time of sample collection.Among the samples collected in December, February, and April, the April sample demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity overall, suggesting that the timing of harvest may influence the extract's potency. 5.The study evaluated the antibacterial efficiency of green tea extracts (aqueous, ethanol, and methanol) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains.Among the extracts, the ethanol extract showed the highest inhibition, particularly against Bacillus subtilis.Conventional antibiotics like gentamicin, neomycin, and ciprofloxacin were effective against the bacteria tested, while chloramphenicol, methicillin, and vancomycin faced resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.
Additionally, colistin was resisted by Gram-positive bacteria, indicating selective antibiotic resistance.growth effects.The ethanolic extract showed weak antibacterial activity (MIC > 470 μg/mL) but significantly stimulated fibroblast growth and provided high protection against H₂O₂ damage, with an IC50 of 12.5 μg/mL for antioxidant activity.29.Bridelia ferruginea decoctions are widely used in Africa to address infections from Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, haemolytic streptococci, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Proteus species, which can delay wound healing.Traditional uses, combined with scientific evidence of its antibacterial and antioxidant properties, underscore its potential in infection management and wound care.Gram-negative bacteria.The hexane extract exhibited the highest activity, suggesting its potential for treating infections and highlighting the plant's promise as a medicinal resource for various bacterial strains.

6 .
Kuete et al. found that Nauclea species, traditionally used for various ailments, exhibit strong antibacterial effects against drug-sensitive and MDR bacterial strains.Notably, Nauclea latifolia and N. pobeguinii can reverse antibiotic resistance in MDR bacteria by targeting efflux pumps, highlighting their potential for developing new therapies.7. Essential oils extracted from the peel by-products of Citrus limonum (Lemon), Citrus reticulata (Mandarin), and Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit) were tested for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were assessed by a resazurin color change assay.The study highlights the antimicrobial potential of these citrus essential oils, demonstrating their efficacy against various microbial strains and suggesting promising applications for further research.8. Giselle et al. investigated the antibacterial activity of Cannabis sativa L. female inflorescence and root extracts against Paenibacillus larvae, the cause of American foulbrood, as well as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.The extracts were analyzed for polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, and volatile compounds.The study aimed to assess the antibacterial effects of Cannabis extracts and explore the roles of these compounds in the observed activity against specific bacterial strains.9. Devanesan et al. reported that Morinda coreia exhibits antibacterial activity against various bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp., Streptococcus sp., and Enterobacter sp.The plant is rich in phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, amino acids, proteins, saponins, and tannins.These constituents contribute to its therapeutic potential, making Morinda coreia a promising source of natural antibacterial agents and underscoring its value in traditional medicine and antimicrobial development.10.In Narayanan et al.'s study, the ethyl acetate extract of Cymodocea serrulata showed significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity.It was particularly effective against Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae.These results highlight the plant extract's potential in inhibiting various bacterial strains and its broader therapeutic applications, suggesting Cymodocea serrulata as a promising candidate for further pharmaceutical and medical research.11.The study found that Aloe vera and Morinda citrifolia extracts had high MICs of 6144 µg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, compared to Enrofloxacin's 16 µg/mL.M. citrifolia had higher phenolic content, while A. vera showed antioxidant activity but limited antibacterial effects, suggesting a need for further research.12. El-Sherbiny et al. found Salvadora persica (Miswak) extract effective in oral hygiene, with MICs of 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL against β-lactam-resistant Streptococcus species.It suppressed Streptococcus oralis biofilm by 68.66% and showed antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 20 μg/mL (DPPH) and 35 μg/mL (ABTS).13.The Plocamium rigidum extract showed moderate toxicity (LD50 of 355 mg/kg) in 24 Balb/c mice and demonstrated potential against Escherichia coli.While it suggests promise as a therapeutic agent, further research, including preclinical and clinical trials, is needed to confirm its safety and efficacy for broader use.14.Beilschmiedia from the Lauraceae family shows potent antibacterial activity against multidrugresistant bacteria, attributed to endiandric acid derivatives.This highlights its potential as a source of natural antibiotics.Further research is needed to understand its mechanisms and develop pharmaceutical applications to address antibiotic-resistant pathogens effectively.15.Fankam et al. explored the antibacterial potential of Allanblackia species from the Clusiaceae family against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant bacteria.Phytochemical analyses of Allanblackia gabonensis and Allanblackia floribunda identified various compounds.The genus showed variable antibacterial activity, suggesting its potential as a source for new antibacterial agents.Further research is needed to develop phytomedicines targeting drug-resistant infections.16.Kuete et al. found that Harungana madagascariensis has antibacterial activity against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The plant's major antibacterial compounds include anthranoids like ferruginin A and euxanthone.This suggests its potential for developing treatments for bacterial infections, including resistant strains.17.Kuete et al. investigated the antibacterial potential of the Fagara genus from the Rutaceae family, traditionally used for bacterial diseases.The study found that Fagara species are effective against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant bacteria, with alkaloids identified as major constituents.This suggests Fagara could be a valuable source for developing new treatments, particularly for resistant infections, and underscores the need for further research.18. Moliva et al. assessed essential oils (EO1 and EO2) from Minthostachys verticillata against Staphylococcus aureus strains causing mastitis.The oils inhibited bacterial growth and reduced biofilm by 36.4% to 96.06%.EO1 was more effective and, when used in an emulsion, reduced bacterial load in cows, suggesting its potential for infection management.19.Bai et al. investigated clove essential oil (CEO) and its predominant compound, eugenol, against foodborne pathogens.Eugenol effectively inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, disrupting biofilm and cell structure.It activated oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in S. aureus, inhibited biofilm formation, and caused leakage of intracellular macromolecules, affecting cell walls and membranes.20.Akongy et al. found that methanol extracts from Garcinia brevipedicellata and Garcinia epunctata effectively inhibited multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains with MICs as low as 0.125 µg/mL.The extracts showed no cytotoxicity, suggesting they are safe and promising for developing treatments against MDR Salmonella infections.21.Diop et al. developed a wound dressing with a blend of avocado and mango kernel extracts, which effectively inhibited 36 bacterial strains, especially Staphylococcus aureus.The blend had a lower MIC (0.019 mg/mL) than individual extracts.The final dressing, incorporating non-woven fabric and a swelling gel, demonstrated strong antibacterial activity.22. Yogeswara et al. found that hexane, ethyl acetate, and 50% aqueous methanol extracts from Blumea balsamifera leaves effectively inhibited E. coli O157.Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus cereus.Ethyl acetate.23.Ahmadi et al. developed chitosan-based membranes integrated with thyme and garlic extracts, modifying polyethersulfone (PES) membranes.The thyme (TE-CS) and garlic (GE-CS) membranes showed significant antibacterial activity and improved pure water flux, with garlic increasing flux and both extracts enhancing chemical oxygen demand removal.TE-CS/PES had the best rejection and antifouling properties, suggesting promising applications for antibacterial materials.24.Agbebi et al. investigated peptide-rich extracts from Nigerian plants, revealing that Nauclea diderichii had the highest antimicrobial potency with MICs of 7.8 μg/mL against bacteria and fungi.Extracts from Euphorbia hirta and Nauclea diderichii exhibited broad-spectrum bactericidal activity, highlighting their potential as effective antimicrobial agents.25.Amini et al. studied the phytochemical profiling and antibacterial properties of Calotropis procera extracts from twigs, leaves, and flowers.Methanolic extracts were effective against both Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria, with zones of inhibition between 8.5 and 12.5 mm.MIC and MBC values ranged from 5-40 mg/mL.HPLC analysis indicated polar phytochemicals contribute to the antibacterial activity, suggesting further research into the plant's antimicrobial potential.26.Elchaghaby et al. assessed lemongrass, sage, and guava leaf extracts for antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.The extracts, rich in antioxidants, phenols, and flavonoids, demonstrated strong antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties.The study recommends using these extracts in oral care products to improve dental health and manage infections.27.Khan et al. studied Primula species in the Western Himalayas, focusing on their ethnobotanical uses and antibacterial properties.Through interviews and lab testing, they evaluated aqueous, methanol, ethanol, acetone, and pet ether extracts from various plant parts.Notable antibacterial activity was observed, particularly in P. denticulata, against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Achromobacter xyloxidans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Extracts with MIC ≤0.125 mg/mL were highly effective, bridging traditional knowledge with scientific validation.28.Adetutu et al. evaluated Bridelia ferruginea leaf extracts for antibacterial, antioxidant, and fibroblast

30 .
In the study by Mohammad Amzad Hossain et al., Haplophyllum tuberculatum was evaluated for its medicinal properties.Traditionally used for various ailments, the plant showed significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with inhibition zones up to 20 mm.It also demonstrated strong antioxidant activity across all concentrations.These findings highlight H. tuberculatum's potential for treating infections and providing antioxidant support.31.Rambaran et al. investigated  Embelia ruminata extracts for antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing (QS) activities.The extracts showed significant antibacterial effects against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and inhibited QS, particularly in methanolic seed extracts.This suggests E. ruminata may be effective against resistant bacteria and QS-related infections.32.Amir Ahmadi et al. assessed the stability and antibacterial properties of alfalfa-extracted chlorophyll.Optimal extraction conditions were 50 mM NaCl, -18 °C, pH 4.5, and 15 days.The chlorophyll showed varying antibacterial effects, with Listeria being least resistant and Pseudomonas most resistant, indicating potential for use in food and health industries.33.The study evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of six native Argentine woody species:Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco, Sarcomphalus mistol, Geoffroea decorticans, Prosopis chilensis, Larrea divaricata, and Larrea cuneifolia.Larrea and S. mistol, rich in polyphenols, exhibited strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities against S. aureus and E. faecalis, indicating their potential for therapeutic and industrial applications.34.A novel sesquiterpene lactone and twenty-one known compounds were identified in Centaurothamnus maximus.These compounds showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities against B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. pyogenes, and C. albicans.The new sesquiterpene lactone and other compounds demonstrate C. maximus's potential as a source of antimicrobial agents.35.The antibacterial efficacy of ε-polylysine and extracts from Thymus vulgaris, Zataria multiflora, and Salvia verticillata was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pectobacterium carotovorum.Thymus vulgaris showed the lowest MIC and induced bacterial membrane damage.HPLC and NMR identified chlorogenic acid as a key component, highlighting its effectiveness.36.Wang et al. investigated Thamnolia vermicularis (Tv) and Thamnolia subuliformis (Ts) for identification and antibacterial activity.Using three distinct methods for differentiation, the study compared endophytic fungi diversity and antibacterial properties of both species.The research clarifies species distinctions and explores their potential as antibacterial agents, enhancing understanding of these lichens.37. Unissa Syed et al. studied the cold methanolic extract of Olea europaea leaves from Saudi Arabia for its bioactive compounds and antibacterial properties.GC-MS identified key compounds like 9,12octadecadienoic acid and Vitamin E. The extract showed broad antibacterial activity, though less extensive than ciprofloxacin.Olive, known for its diverse health benefits, including managing blood sugar and cholesterol, also exhibits antibacterial potential, making it valuable for various therapeutic applications.38.Liu et al. investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of the dichloromethane fraction (DCM) from Eurycoma longifolia adventitious roots.DCM showed strong activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.25 mg/mL.It disrupted bacterial cell permeability, respiration, and biofilm structure, suggesting its potential in food and pharmaceutical applications.39.Nengroo et al. studied Aconitum heterophylum, focusing on its fatty acid profile, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities.Extracts from seeds and roots, particularly methanol extracts, showed significant antibacterial and antioxidant effects.Gas chromatography identified linoleic acid as a major component.This research highlights A. heterophylum's medicinal potential, supporting further exploration of its therapeutic uses.40.Xiang Li et al. investigated Rosa chinensis cv.'JinBian' for anti-aging, anti-tyrosinase, and antibacterial properties.Both 95% and 65% ethanol extracts showed strong antioxidant, elastase inhibition, and anti-tyrosinase activities.A new compound, kaempferol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-(2",3"-O-digalloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside, and fourteen known compounds were isolated.This study underscores the potential of this rose cultivar in natural cosmetic and antibacterial applications.41.Suneeta et al. enhanced cotton fabric's antibacterial properties using neem leaf extract as a dye.The study showed that neem extracts significantly improved antibacterial, anti-aging, and skin-whitening effects.The treated fabric demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity, even after multiple wash cycles.This eco-friendly approach underscores neem's potential for developing textiles with improved hygiene and functionality.42.Narayanan et al. evaluated methanol extract from Aerva lanata flowers, finding strong antibacterial activity against several pathogens, significant antioxidant properties, and a 97.04% nephroprotective effect at 20 μg/mL.Despite these benefits, the extract's cytotoxicity in HEK 293 cells suggests the need for further safety studies.43.Henrique Santo et al. used pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to obtain bioactive compounds from feijoa leaves.The SFE extract showed significant antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens, with MIC values from 3,553 to 14,211 µg/mL, and contained key phenolics like gallic acid and catechin.44.Narayanankutty et al. investigated essential oils from Curcuma amada (mango ginger) rhizomes for eco-friendly biocides.Extracted using hydrodistillation, steam distillation, microwave-assisted, and ultrasound-assisted methods, the oils showed varying antibacterial and larvicidal activities.UAE and MAE extracts were most effective, suggesting potential for natural, sustainable pest control and antibacterial applications.45.Sivasamugham et al. studied the antibacterial effects of 80% ethanolic leaf extracts from Musa paradisiaca, Musa acuminata, and Musa sapientum against MRSA and MSSA.Extracts from M. paradisiaca and M. acuminata showed significant inhibition at 2.86g/mL and 3.33g/mL, respectively, attributed to phytochemicals like alkaloids and tannins.M. sapientum showed no activity.The study highlights the potential of Musa leaf extracts in combating antibiotic-resistant infections.46.Jurić et al. evaluated peppermint extracts using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) versus 70% ethanol for phenolic content, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities.NADES extracted more phenols, including rosmarinic acid, and showed greater antibacterial and antioxidant effects than 70% ethanol.This suggests NADES as a sustainable, effective alternative for extracting bioactive compounds.47.Zahan et al. investigated the methanol extract of Piper nigrum seeds, finding it more effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) than against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESbL) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.The extract demonstrated lower Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for MRSA, highlighting its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent and an alternative to address antibiotic-resistant strains.48.Zhong et al. analyzed the polar antibacterial fraction from the ethanol extract of Rosmarinus officinalis, revealing stronger antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis compared to rosemary's essential oil.UPLC-OrbitrapMS/MS identified sixteen compounds, including two novel ones.The findings suggest the polar fraction's potential as a food additive due to its robust antibacterial properties.49.M. Kaleng et al. studied biflavonoids from Ochna kirkii's root bark, identifying new compounds kirkinone A and B, and six known ones.Calodenin B and lophirone A showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells.The crude extract was cytotoxic but inactive against Escherichia coli.The study highlights the chemotaxonomic importance of these compounds in Ochna.50.Nongma et al. investigated Piper wallichii stems and leaves, identifying two new compounds: piwalkanone (an aryl alkanone) and piwallidione (a dioxoaporphine alkaloid).They also isolated nine known compounds, including piperine and piperlonguminine.Structures were confirmed via spectroscopy and MS.Compounds piwallidione and cepharadione A showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus.51.Pouofo Nguiam et al. found that Xylopia staudtii, used traditionally in western Cameroon, has significant antibacterial and antishigellosis properties.The plant's bark effectively combats Shigella spp.and E. coli, reducing bacteria load in mice and preventing intestinal damage, highlighting its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent.52.Citrus hystrix, used in Indonesian medicine, showed significant antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium.The ethanolic peel extract had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.625%.Infected mice treated with the extract exhibited reduced bacterial loads in the ileum, liver, and spleen, indicating its potential for treating Salmonella infections.53.The study on Ethiopian Kale (Brassica carinata) leaves explored its phytochemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties.The ethanol extract showed significant antibacterial activity and antioxidant potential in DPPH* and ABTS assays.GC-MS analysis identified over 17 major phytocompounds.These findings highlight the functional potential of Ethiopian Kale leaves.54.The study evaluated ethanolic guava leaf extracts with different chlorophyll removal processes for antibacterial and anti-melanosis effects on Pacific white shrimp.All extracts showed significant antibacterial and polyphenoloxidase inhibitory activities, with GLE-S being most effective.GLE-S, rich in compounds like piceatannol 4′-galloylglucoside, improved shrimp quality by reducing microbial and chemical changes during storage.55.The study assessed the antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic guava leaf extracts (EGLE) with and without chlorophyll removal.For Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, MIC values ranged from 64 to 128 mg/ml, and MBC values from 256 to 512 mg/ml.For Gram-negative bacteria such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, MICs ranged from 32 to 64 mg/ml and MBCs from 32 to 256 mg/ml, indicating the extracts' strong antibacterial properties.56.The study evaluated the antibacterial activity of Aronia melanocarpa anthocyanins (AMAs) against Escherichia coli (E.coli).AMAs demonstrated strong activity with a MIC of 0.625 mg/mL and an MBC of 1.25 mg/mL.They disrupt E. coli's cell wall and membrane, as confirmed by SEM and TEM, and interact with bacterial DNA.These findings suggest AMAs as potential natural food preservatives.57.The study by Getahun et al. investigated oils from Lepidium sativum seeds extracted using different methods.The steam-distilled essential oil (EO) showed superior antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus, but not Staphylococcus aureus, at 1 mg/mL.It also exhibited significant antioxidant activity in DPPH and H2O2 assays.58.Zhao et al. investigated the antibacterial activity of tea saponin from Camellia oleifera shells.The study found that tea saponin effectively inhibited Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively, and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 4 mg/mL.The saponin disrupted bacterial cell membranes and growth, suggesting its potential as a natural antibacterial agent and a valuable use for camellia tea waste.59.González-Renteria et al. evaluated Lemna minor extracts against Pseudomonas fluorescens using methanol, chloroform, and hexane.Hexane extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, with significant differences among extracts (p=0.001).Methanol had an MIC of 0.05 µg/mL and showed better safety in embryos and larvae, indicating potential for antibacterial applications.60.Marsoul et al. studied Papaver rhoeas flower extracts using methanolic maceration and Soxhlet methods.Soxhlet extracts had higher total phenolic content (165.4 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (IC50=3.81mg/mL) compared to maceration.Both methods showed antibacterial potential, with Soxhlet extract being particularly effective against Enterococcus faecalis (MIC=0.11mg/mL).61.Zhang et al. studied a formulation with polyprenol extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves.This formulation showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, with MIC values ranging from 25 to 200 μg/mL.The results highlight its potential as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.62. Nocedo-Mena et al. investigated sphingolipids and other compounds from Cissus incisa leaves, known in Mexican medicine.The study confirmed its traditional use by showing significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and notable cytotoxic effects on PC3 and Hep3B cancer cell lines.This highlights the plant's potential in drug discovery 63.Souiss et al. examined cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) extracts for their antibacterial and antiinflammatory properties against periodontal pathogens.Both fruit and seed extracts showed effective antibacterial action, disrupting Porphyromonas gingivalis membranes and inhibiting biofilm formation.They also reduced inflammatory cytokine secretion, suggesting potential therapeutic use against periodontal infections.64.Asgharpour et al. analyzed the hexane extract of Lycoperdon pyriforme and found significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with Ergosta-5,7-dien-3-ol being the primary compound.Effective at 125 μg/mL, the study highlights bioactive compounds like polysaccharides, alkaloids, and terpenoids, supporting mushrooms' potential as antibacterial agents.65.Anderson Ngandjui Tchangoue et al. assessed phloroglucinol derivatives from Mallotus oppositifolius leaves, finding MIC values from 3.125 to 50 μg/mL against E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, and P. aeruginosa.The plant, traditionally used for various ailments, shows promising antibacterial properties.66.The study assessed the antibacterial properties of compounds from Ficus auriculata fruits using serial dilution in 96-well plates.Testing against five bacterial strains revealed significant activity, particularly from compound 1, with MIC values as low as 1.25 µg/mL.Compound 4 also showed effectiveness.The findings support the potential of these compounds as antimicrobial agents.67.Wang et al. investigated sesquiterpenes from Thuja sutchuenensis stems and roots for their antibacterial properties.The sesquiterpenes showed significant activity against various bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, with MICs ranging from 6.25 to 25 μg/mL.These findings highlight their potential as novel antimicrobial agents.68.Feng He et al. investigated the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of essential oil from Atractylodes lancea rhizomes.The oil showed significant antibacterial activity against several bacterial strains, likely due to its impact on cell membrane integrity.Additionally, it demonstrated notable antioxidant activity, highlighting its potential for pharmaceutical and food preservation applications.69.Anderson Ngandjui Tchangoue et al. investigated the antibacterial potential of phloroglucinol derivatives from Mallotus oppositifolius leaves.They used CHCl3/MeOH and EtOH/H2O solvent systems for extraction from air-dried and macerated leaves.The study focuses on phloroglucinols, known for their diverse biological activities, to explore natural antibacterial agents.70.Cong Wu et al. investigated new oxylipins from Siegesbeckia glabrescens, a plant used in Chinese medicine for various ailments.They identified these rare compounds in the ethanolic extract of the plant, suggesting their potential as antibacterial agents.This study highlights the chemical diversity of Siegesbeckia and its potential therapeutic applications.71.Tiwana et al. evaluated Triphala-Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, and Emblica officinalisfor antibacterial effects using methanolic and aqueous extracts.Methanolic extracts showed higher potency with MICs of 250-750 μg/mL.Terminalia chebula was most effective, clarifying inconsistencies in previous antimicrobial reports and emphasizing Triphala's potential.72.Li Yan et al. investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of Trollius altaicus flower extracts against Streptococcus mutans.The study found that water, ethanol, and n-butanol extracts had MIC values of 10, 5, and 10 mg/mL, and MBC values of 20, 10, and 20 mg/mL, respectively.The extracts significantly inhibited biofilm formation and disrupted existing biofilms, suggesting potential for dental caries treatment.73.Techaoei et al. investigated bioactive compounds from endophytic fungi in Nelumbo nucifera for their antibacterial effects against MRSA.Isolates from various plant parts, especially the root, were analyzed for their chemical properties and antibacterial activity.This research aims to find novel agents to combat antibiotic-resistant MRSA.74.Linden et al. investigated biflavonoids from Brazilian peppertree fruits for antibacterial properties.Tetrahydroamentoflavone (THAF) was the most effective, showing activity against both planktonic cells and biofilms.Structural features, like flavonoid linkage and C-ring saturation, were crucial for antibacterial efficacy, highlighting THAF's potential in antimicrobial development.75.Siwe-Noundou et al. investigated Alchornea laxiflora's extracts and isolated compounds for biological activity.The methanolic stem extract contained ellagic acid and other compounds.The root extract showed significant anti-HIV activity, while extracts and compounds displayed potent antibacterial effects, especially against Staphylococcus saprophyticus with MICs as low as 4 μg/ml.All samples had low cytotoxicity.76.Barbosa et al. explored the extraction of antibacterial compounds from Hancornia speciosa leaves using pressurized liquid extraction.The purified extract showed significant activity against multidrugresistant E. coli.The study highlights the importance of extraction methods and solvents in isolating bioactive phenolic compounds, emphasizing their potential therapeutic applications.77.The study by Tian et al. investigates the extraction and analysis of flavonoids from Tribulus terrestris L. leaves, optimized with 25.87% ethanol.The research evaluates their antioxidant, antibacterial, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities, highlighting the plant's traditional uses for eye issues, pruritus, chest pain, hypoimmunity, and cerebral diseases.78.Hou et al. investigated the antibacterial properties of essential oil extracted from Citrus reticulate Blanco peel.The oil demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Cutibacterium acnes and other microbes like Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli.Its effectiveness against Cutibacterium acnes surpassed common antibiotics, suggesting its potential as an alternative or complementary treatment for acne.79.Chabán et al. studied the antibacterial effects of Lepechinia meyenii extracts, isolating abietane compounds carnosol, rosmanol, and carnosic acid.These compounds showed MIC values of 15.6-62.5 μg/mL against MRSA and 15.6-31.2μg/mL against MSSA, with significant activity against Enterococcus The study highlights their potential as effective agents against drug-resistant bacteria.80. Bilal et al. evaluated the antibacterial activity of Suaeda maritima extracts against Gram-positive and

Xylopia St audtii Is A Medicin al Plant Whi ch Fruits Are Traditiona lly Used In Western Cameroon As A Spice
1. Nguyen et al. found that ethanol extracts of Anoectochilus formosanus exhibit antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with MICs of 2500 μg/ml and 1250 μg/ml.The extracts may also promote wound healing, suggesting therapeutic potential.2. Ahmed et al. found that Zygophyllum simplex extracts showed strong antibacterial activity, especially the dichloromethane (DCM) extract, which was most effective against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae, and Bacillus pumilus.