A Review on Molecular Mechanism of Antiepileptic Drugs

Thsapimong C. Sangtam

doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i06.33763

A Review on Molecular Mechanism of Antiepileptic Drugs

Author(s)	Thsapimong C. Sangtam
Country	India
Abstract	This review paper delves into epilepsy and molecular mechanisms of selected AEDs (anti-epileptic drugs): CBZ (Carbamazepine), VPA (Valproate), PHT (Phenytoin), Topiramate (TPM), Lamotrigine (LTG), and Levetiracetam (LEV). Epilepsy is a neurological disorder categorized by recurrent seizures, which can affect the mental, psychological, and social well-being of an individual. Carbamazepine, an imino-dibenzyl derivative, acts by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, modulating neuronal firing frequency, and inhibiting high-frequency firing. Phenytoin, a barbiturate derivative, inhibits collagenase activity and influences sodium and calcium fluxes. Valproate, a simple branched-chain fatty acid, exerts its effects on GABA and inhibitory neurotransmission, excitatory neurotransmission, monoamines, ion channels, and cerebral glucose metabolism. Topiramate, a broad-spectrum anti-epileptic drug, functions by blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ and Na+ channels, enhancing GABA-mediated neurotransmission, inhibiting glutamate-mediated neurotransmission, and inhibiting carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. Lamotrigine, a phenyl-triazine compound that is chemically distinct from existing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), inhibits voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, thereby demonstrating antiseizure activity. Levetiracetam, another broad-spectrum AED, shows efficacy and tolerability superior to other AEDs, particularly in managing seizures and treating juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. It operates through a distinct mechanism by interacting with synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A), setting it apart as a second-generation anticonvulsant. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of AEDs is essential for managing epilepsy effectively, improving seizure control, and enhancing living standards. This can also drive clinical advancements with the perspective of avoiding the adverse effects of AEDs. With a diverse range of AEDs available, there is hope for individuals having epilepsy to accomplish a satisfying quality of life.
Keywords	Molecular Mechanism AND (Antiepileptic Drugs OR Anticonvulsant Drugs OR AEDs) AND (Carbamazepine OR CBZ) AND (Phenytoin OR PHT) AND (Valporic acid OR Valproate OR VPA) AND (Topiramate OR TPM) AND (Lamotrigine OR LTG) AND (Levetiracetam OR LEV).
Field	Biology > Medical / Physiology
Published In	Volume 6, Issue 6, November-December 2024
Published On	2024-12-24
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i06.33763

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A Review on Molecular Mechanism of Antiepileptic Drugs

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