International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Uneven Development and Regional Backwardness: The Roots of Sub-Regionalism in Andhra Pradesh

Author(s) Mr. S. Sudhakar Reddy
Country India
Abstract Sub-regionalism refers to the assertion of a distinct identity, interests, and developmental concerns by a specific geographic or cultural region within a larger state or administrative unit. Unlike full-fledged regionalism that often involves a call for statehood or autonomy, sub-regionalism begins with demands for equitable development, political representation, and cultural recognition. It usually arises when a sub-region perceives persistent neglect or discrimination by the dominant regions within the state, leading to a collective consciousness around issues of identity and justice.
The state of Andhra Pradesh was formed in 1956 through the merger of the Telugu-speaking areas of Hyderabad State (known as Telangana) with the newly formed Andhra State (carved out of Madras Presidency in 1953). This unification, based on linguistic lines, was formalized under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Andhra Pradesh thus became the first linguistic state in independent India. However, this merger was not without reservations. Telangana had a different historical experience under the rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad and had relatively underdeveloped socio-economic conditions compared to the Andhra region, which had enjoyed earlier access to British administration, irrigation, and education. The state was broadly divided into three regions: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, and Telangana, each with distinct geographical, economic, and cultural characteristics.
Soon after the formation of Andhra Pradesh, concerns began to surface in Telangana regarding unequal development, lack of political representation, and violation of merger assurances. The Gentlemen’s Agreement, which aimed to safeguard Telangana’s interests post-merger, was repeatedly cited as being inadequately implemented. Telangana’s grievances were rooted in a perception that the region was being exploited economically, particularly in matters of irrigation, education, and employment. These issues led to mass discontent and the first major agitation for a separate Telangana state in 1969. Although the movement lost momentum in the 1970s, the underlying dissatisfaction persisted, gradually intensifying in the decades that followed. This long-standing sense of regional neglect and backwardness laid the foundation for a strong sub-regional identity that ultimately evolved into a demand for separate statehood.
Keywords Sub-Regionalism,Telangana Movement, Regional Disparities,Uneven Development, Andhra Pradesh Reorganization, political Mobilization, Cultural Identity, Inclusive Development, Regional Planning, Federalism in India, Gentlemen’s Agreement, Girglani Commission, Grassroots Movements
Field Sociology > Politics
Published In Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2025
Published On 2025-04-10
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i02.41201
Short DOI https://doi.org/g9fcbc
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