International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Border Dispute and development programme in Arunachal Pradesh Contestations between India and China.

Author(s) Mr. Lobsang kalden, Dr. Anna Nath Ganguly
Country India
Abstract The eastern Himalayan frontier, particularly the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, has long remained a volatile axis in Sino-Indian relations, shaped by historical grievances, national security imperatives, and regional geopolitics. This dissertation investigates the multilayered nature of the border dispute between India and China over Arunachal Pradesh, with a specific emphasis on how geopolitical contestation intersects with developmental aspirations in the region. It seeks to unpack the dynamics of territoriality, state-building, and diplomacy in one of the world’s most militarized and strategically sensitive borderlands.
The study explores the historical legacy of the McMahon Line, the 1962 Sino-Indian War, and the continuing cycle of diplomatic negotiations, military standoffs, and infrastructural competition. By examining both macro-level strategic discourse and micro-level community impacts, the dissertation adopts a multidisciplinary lens that integrates insights from international relations, strategic studies, borderland theory, and development policy.
A focal point of analysis is the district of Tawang, a site of intense Chinese territorial claims and deep religious significance for the Tibetan Buddhist world. Tawang serves as a critical node in understanding how contested sovereignty, cultural heritage, and strategic geography converge. The dissertation closely analyzes India’s dual-track strategy: reinforcing its territorial claims through large-scale infrastructure and defense build-up, while simultaneously promoting civilian development aimed at enhancing integration and reducing alienation among local populations.
Drawing on field-based observations, secondary sources, and policy analysis, the research explores how development programmes such as road construction, telecommunications, and educational expansion both empower communities and generate new tensions—particularly when they intersect with traditional livelihoods, ethnic identities, and ecological sensitivities. It raises essential questions about the sustainability and inclusiveness of state-led development in politically charged environments.
In conclusion, the dissertation offers pragmatic policy suggestions that stress the importance of diplomatic foresight, sustainable development models, ecological sensitivity, and active local participation in shaping a peaceful and resilient frontier. By reimagining contested borderlands not as zones of conflict but as bridges for connectivity, cultural dialogue, and cooperative development, this work contributes to broader debates on territorial conflict, regional security, and inclusive governance in South Asia.
Keywords Keywords: Arunachal Pradesh, Border Dispute, Tawang, India-China Relations, Development.
Published In Volume 7, Issue 3, May-June 2025
Published On 2025-05-21
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i03.45422
Short DOI https://doi.org/g9mh9j
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