GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS: A REVIEW OF ITS EVOLUTION, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE TRENDS

Author(s)	Dr. Rakesh Verma, Ms. Manu kotwal
Country	India
Abstract	Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have undergone a significant evolution since their inception, transforming from specialized tools for governmental and military applications into ubiquitous platforms that permeate various facets of modern society. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the historical development of GIS, highlighting key milestones and technological advancements that have shaped its trajectory. It further delves into the contemporary challenges faced by geospatial sciences, particularly in the era of Big Data, and explores emerging trends such as cloud GIS, real-time GIS, space-time GIS, and augmented reality. The paper concludes by outlining future research directions to address the complexities of an increasingly interconnected and data-rich world, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary approaches, enhanced interoperability, and robust security measures to harness the full potential of geospatial information for societal benefit.
Keywords	Geographic Information Systems, GIS evolution, Big Data, Cloud GIS, Real-time GIS, Space-time GIS, Augmented Reality, Geospatial Science, Challenges, Future trends.
Field	Computer Applications
Published In	Volume 7, Issue 3, May-June 2025
Published On	2025-06-11
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i03.47720
Short DOI	https://doi.org/g9pz4w

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