International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Wage Disparities and Occupational Segregation by Gender in India: An Empirical Analysis using PLFS Survey Data 2017-18 to 2021-22

Author(s) Ms. Baishakhi Mondal
Country India
Abstract This paper explores the magnitude and evolution of gender based occupational segregation in India for the period 2017 to 2022, and the gender wage gap corresponding to different groups of occupation. A disproportionately large percentage of the working age group women are engaged in the unpaid nurturing, caregiving works, domestic chores or other support giving based services. The Periodic Labour Force Survey data sets (2017-18 to 2021-22) has been used for the analysis. The national and international definition of the work and employment differs. Focusing on the marketed economic activities only undermine women’s work to a great extent. But again, not all marketed economic activities are also not recognized for the accounting labour statistics. The first objective of the paper is to examine whether women’s work force participation rate significantly differs from men if those unrecognized works get their recognition. Further skill based occupational groups has been constructed in line with International Standard of Occupations and it has been reflected that how women’s’ work highly concentrated in low and unskilled and low paying occupations in the care giving, sales, teaching, teaching supports and labourers kind of works. Considering the daily real wages for the regular and casual workers, the study unveils the existence of gender wage gap too. It has been found that it is the Diploma and Certificate level of education and age give women the edge to fight against the pay disparity. A mapping exercise reveals that contrary to our perception, it’s the southern part of India is the underperformer in terms of pay equity, despite them having higher social development indicators. The econometric analysis of wage disparity, followed three levels of linear regression approach and the Multinomial Logit Model. The result finds the existence of gender pay disparity and which cant be explained by the differences of productive capacities among men and women. Also, the gender pay gap get worse for regular jobs in the non-agricultural sector as one move from the high skilled occupations to low skilled occupations. According to a report by the International Labour Organization (ILO), the gender pay gap in India stands at 27 per cent as of 2023 implying that women earn 73 percent of what men earn for doing the same job22. The reason behind this pay disparity can be differences in the job market, human capital characteristics, elements of discrimination and demand supply dynamics of the labor market as well as policy induced. In this term paper my effort was limited only to explore the existing gender pay gap through the lens of occupational patterns of men and women. Through further research in this area, it can be investigated the determinants of the gender pay gap in the Indian context and the changing pattern of those determinants over the time. Since 1990 India has gone through a considerable change in its macroeconomic structure. It would be part of the quest of the analysis whether this pay disparity has any power to change the macroeconomic stability of the economy which often interspersed with the turmoil of the external economic and policy environment.
Keywords Occupational Sex Segregation, Gender Pay Disparity, Women's Occupations, Labour Force Participation
Field Sociology > Economics
Published In Volume 7, Issue 4, July-August 2025
Published On 2025-07-07
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i04.50429
Short DOI https://doi.org/g9s9j6
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