Dyes trapped in Stone: A colourful review of Methylene blue Adsorption by Rock based Materials

V. Srnivasulu; Anthati Sreenivasulu

doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i04.54187

Dyes trapped in Stone: A colourful review of Methylene blue Adsorption by Rock based Materials

Author(s)	Mr. V. Srnivasulu, Dr. Anthati Sreenivasulu
Country	India
Abstract	Methylene blue belongs to the group of synthetic cationic thiazine dyes (cationic dyes in general) which are utilized in a number of industries, often found in industrial wastewater from textile, paper, chemical/ pharmaceutical manufacturing. The toxicity of methylene blue is ever-increasing as either its accumulation becomes apparent, or its pathway of toxicity and bioaccumulation continues. Adsorption with the rock-based materials (clays - bentonite and kaolinite, zeolites, phosphate rocks and volcanic materials - perlite and pumice) is also seen as an economic option, particularly when compared to the high energy requirements of usually preferred methods of oxidation, filtration etc. This paper synthesizes 114 academic studies (1999-2025) which look at methylene blue adsorption, measuring and discussing its adsorption capacities (mg/g; range of 10-1383 mg/g), kinetics, isotherms and potential mechanisms of behavior which include, but are not limited to: electrostatic interactions - anionic/cationic, ion exchange, and pore diffusion. Regarding methylene blue adsorption, bentonite has the highest dye removal capabilities or potentials, zeolites generally have rapid kinetics, and phosphate rocks present as economical options. Important parameters identified from the research influencing performance include interaction of pH, contact time, dosage used, dye concentration and temperature. Challenges and limitations were found in material variability, multi-pollutants and regeneratability. To circumvent challenges, multi-functional or hybrid composites would helpful, and an approach to using pilot-scale data would inform a future and potentially viable approach to pollutant uptake, while life-cycle assessments would enable more sustainable options. These results provide confidence in the potential of rock-based adsorbents to improve the treatment of wastewater globally.
Keywords	Methylene blue, adsorption, clays, zeolites, phosphate rock, volcanic materials, kinetics, isotherms, wastewater treatment, sustainability
Field	Chemistry
Published In	Volume 7, Issue 4, July-August 2025
Published On	2025-08-24
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i04.54187

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Dyes trapped in Stone: A colourful review of Methylene blue Adsorption by Rock based Materials

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