International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Rethinking the Legal Status of Non-State Actors in International Law

Author(s) Ms. Pragya Pushparaj
Country India
Abstract In the twenty-first century, the architecture of international law remains firmly rooted in state-centric traditions, yet the influence of non-state actors (NSAs) has grown exponentially across political, economic, and security domains. Multinational corporations shape markets and policies beyond national borders, armed groups dictate the course of conflicts, and transnational networks—from NGOs to terrorist organizations—reshape global governance and human rights landscapes. Despite wielding immense power, these actors remain situated in a grey zone of international law: endowed with rights, recognition, or participation in select regimes, but seldom burdened with corresponding duties or subject to enforceable accountability. This imbalance creates a profound gap in legal responsibility, leaving victims of human rights abuses, conflict-related atrocities, and transnational crimes without effective remedies.
This paper interrogates the evolving legal personality of NSAs and the fragmented nature of their recognition under international law, arguing that the current framework is ill-equipped to reconcile the tension between sovereignty, legitimacy, and accountability. Through a critical examination of humanitarian law, human rights law, investment arbitration, and emerging soft-law mechanisms, the research exposes the cracks in how international law deals with non-state actors and charts out possible pathways toward building a clearer, stronger, and more unified legal framework.
Keywords Non State Actors, International Law, United Nations, NGOs, Terrorist Organizations
Field Sociology > Administration / Law / Management
Published In Volume 7, Issue 5, September-October 2025
Published On 2025-09-02
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i05.55074
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