International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

A Widely Indexed Open Access Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary Bi-monthly Scholarly International Journal

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Global Prevalence Of Antibiotic Residues In Smallholder Dairy Farm Milk: A Systematic Review Of Trends And Regional Disparities

Author(s) Lweendo Hachamba, Judith Mutambo, Duncan Makombe, Justin Msoni, Cynthia Siamupa
Country Zambia
Abstract Antibiotic residues (ARs) in milk from smallholder dairy farms pose a serious global public health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where regulatory oversight and farmer education are often limited. This review assesses the global and regional prevalence of ARs in dairy milk, highlighting disparities between high-income nations and LMICs, with a focus on Sub-Saharan Africa and Zambia. The study synthesizes findings from 40 peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2024, revealing that while stringent regulations have helped reduce AR levels in high-income countries, LMICs continue to struggle due to unregulated antibiotic use, inadequate withdrawal period adherence, and informal milk markets. Zambia’s dairy sector, primarily composed of smallholder farmers, mirrors these challenges, with weak surveillance systems and limited veterinary access exacerbating contamination risks. The review emphasizes the need for context-specific interventions, including farmer education, affordable testing technologies, integration of informal markets, and stronger regulatory enforcement to reduce AR levels and safeguard public health.
Keywords Antibiotic residues, Smallholder dairy farms, Milk safety, Antimicrobial resistance.
Published In Volume 7, Issue 5, September-October 2025
Published On 2025-10-11
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i05.57325
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E-ISSN 2582-2160
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