International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Customary Practices and Farmers’ Rights: A Grassroots Understanding of Legal Protection

Author(s) Mr. K.S. MURALI MOHAN, Ms. Ramavathu Naga Malleswari, Mr. T. Ramesh ., Mr. M. Siva Kumar, Mr. Surya Viswanadha .
Country India
Abstract Customary practices in agriculture form the cultural and ecological backbone of India’s agrarian heritage. These practices—rooted in community-based seed exchange, biodiversity conservation, and indigenous ecological wisdom—have sustained rural livelihoods for centuries. However, with the emergence of modern intellectual property regimes, biotechnology, and commercialization of agriculture, traditional farming systems face increasing marginalization. This article offers a critical and grassroots-centered understanding of how Indian law recognizes and protects customary practices under the framework of farmers’ rights. By analyzing the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001 (PPV&FR Act), the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, and relevant international instruments such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), it explores the successes, tensions, and limitations of existing legal structures. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for participatory, gender-inclusive, and community-driven mechanisms to make farmers’ rights truly meaningful in practice.
Keywords Farmers’ Rights; Customary Practices; Traditional Knowledge; PPV&FR Act, 2001; Biodiversity; Benefit-Sharing; Intellectual Property; Food Sovereignty.
Field Sociology > Administration / Law / Management
Published In Volume 7, Issue 5, September-October 2025
Published On 2025-10-21
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i05.58378
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