International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Reconciling Legal Contradiction Between Central and State Animal Birth Control Laws and Policy: A Study on the Kerala Model ABC

Author(s) Avin Anto
Country India
Abstract India is facing many frequent severe stray dog problem and issues with public health crises, and conflict between humans and animals are increasingly happening all around India. As per the data sourced from the IDSP report from January to December 2024 of rural areas across the country, dog bite cases are 2195122; dog bite death cases are 37; other animal bites including monkey bites, are 504,728; and death cases are 11. Dog bite cases in children under 15: 519704 across the country. The central government endeavoured and implemented an action plan in both legislative and non-legislative ways. As per the 2012 and 2019 livestock census data presented in the New Indian Express article, the stray dog population in Kerala in 2012 was 268,994, and in the 2019 census, it was 289,986. Dog bites and potential rabies exposure make this pressure issues especially for vulnerable groups like children. The prevention of cruelty to Animals Act 1960 and its Rules 2001/2023 ABC Rules mandate sterilization, vaccination, release the main motive of ABC program of strays and effectively prohibiting killing of dogs. In Kerala state law notably the Kerala Municipality Act 1994 (Sections 437-438) and the Kerala Panchayath Raj Act, 1994 (section 254) have provisions allowing seizure and destruction of unlicensed stray dogs. This clash of laws created administrative confusion and hinders effective implementation of ABC. In this mixed study endeavours to conduct a doctrinal legal analysis alongside a survey (n=50) of Kerala residents to evaluate awareness, attitudes and challenges around the Kerala ABC program. The manuscript confirms widespread support for ABC measures over 90% of respondents view sterilization program favourably but the samplings reveal low satisfaction with current implementation. Many respondents consider the stray menace “very serious” 72% and many locals reports personal or familial dog bite incidents 74% of respondents. Crucially, only 42% of respondents knew that central and state ABC regulations both exist. The legal analysis shows that the supreme court and statutory guidelines place ABC rules above state laws. The manuscripts conclude with that urgent reform is needed Kerala’s laws and it should be amended to align with PCA and ABC Rules, and dedicated state authority should oversee coordinated ABC/ARV (Anti Rabis Vaccination) programs. Stable funding, standardized protocols and public education are key. As one animal welfare maxim holds that “we do not have to kill to control” ABC can reduce stray population and rabies without resorting to culling.
Keywords IDSP report, The prevention of cruelty to Animals Act 1960 and its Rules 2001/2023, Kerala Panchayath Raj Act, 1994, Kerala Municipality Act 1994, ABC.
Published In Volume 7, Issue 5, September-October 2025
Published On 2025-10-23
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i05.58714
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