International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Agricultural Waste–Derived Activated Carbons for Methylene Blue Adsorption: A Comprehensive Review

Author(s) B. M. Patil
Country India
Abstract The discharge of synthetic dyes into aquatic ecosystems represents a persistent environmental challenge due to their toxicity, complex chemical structure, and resistance to biodegradation. Among these dyes, methylene blue (MB), a cationic thiazine dye, is widely used in textile and clinical industries and poses significant ecological and human health risks when inadequately treated. Activated carbon derived from agricultural waste biomass has emerged as an efficient, low-cost, and sustainable adsorbent for MB removal owing to its high surface area, well-developed porosity, surface functionality, and valorisation of abundant biowastes. This review critically evaluates recent advancements in MB adsorption using activated carbons derived from cashew nut shell, rice husk, pea shells, date stones, fox nutshell, banana stem, water hyacinth, and other lignocellulosic residues, as well as graphene-based carbons. The review provides a systematic comparison of precursor processing, chemical and physical activation strategies (ZnCl2, H3PO4, KOH), adsorption behavior under varying pH, dose, and contact time, and mechanistic interpretations using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, pseudo-second-order kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion descriptors. Regeneration and reusability strategies are analyzed to assess industrial applicability and lifecycle sustainability. Adsorption capacities from selected agricultural wastes are compared, showing high performance up to 968.74 mg g-1 for fox nutshell activated carbon and >160 mg g-1 for date-stone carbon, demonstrating strong competitive potential against commercial carbons. Environmental and economic implications of converting global biomass waste streams into engineered adsorbents are critically assessed. Finally, technical gaps are identified regarding scale-up, regeneration efficiency, multi-pollutant systems, and long-term stability. The insights provided herein are expected to guide future optimization toward circular-economy-aligned wastewater treatment technologies using agricultural waste derived activated carbons.
Published In Volume 2, Issue 1, January-February 2020
Published On 2020-01-07
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