Understanding The Ecosystem Shaping the Livelihood Landscape of the Hill Dwellers

Author(s)	Mr. Gangmei Gaiphunpou Stephen, Pitheli K Jimo
Country	India
Abstract	The North Eastern Region of India is characterised by a diverse geographical landscape consisting of both plains and hills, with nearly 70 per cent of the area comprising hilly terrain. A significant disparity in development exists between the plains and the hill regions, with hills lagging behind in several aspects of socio-economic development. However, with education and the sustained efforts of both governmental and non-governmental organisations, many hill dwellers—primarily from tribal communities—have increasingly secured employment in government and private sectors, thereby gradually improving their standard of living. Despite these developments, agriculture continues to remain the primary occupation for a large proportion of the population. Owing to the challenging terrain and the limited scope for mechanisation, tribal communities residing in the hill areas largely depend on indigenous farming practices. Against this backdrop, the present paper examines the ecological and socio-economic context that shapes the livelihood landscape of hill communities and explores how they are adapting to the increasing and diverse livelihood needs of contemporary times.
Keywords	Indigenous Farming, Livelihood, Jhum Cultivation, Ecosystem.
Field	Sociology
Published In	Volume 7, Issue 6, November-December 2025
Published On	2025-11-11
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i06.60177

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