“From Barrel to Bench: A Critical Study of Bullet Trajectory Analysis in Crime Scene Reconstruction and Judicial Decision-Making in India,”

Ragavi M

doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i06.60947

“From Barrel to Bench: A Critical Study of Bullet Trajectory Analysis in Crime Scene Reconstruction and Judicial Decision-Making in India,”

Author(s)	Ragavi M
Country	India
Abstract	Forensic ballistics is a critical tool in criminal investigations, providing scientific methods to reconstruct firearm-related crime scenes. Bullet trajectory analysis, a key sub-discipline, allows investigators to determine the shooter’s position, angle and distance of firing, and the nature of the shooting distinguishing homicide, suicide, or accidental discharge. Despite its scientific reliability, Indian courts have shown variable acceptance of trajectory evidence, often treating it as corroborative rather than conclusive, and at times prioritizing eyewitness or medical testimony. This study, titled “From Barrel to Bench: A Critical Study of Bullet Trajectory Analysis in Crime Scene Reconstruction and Judicial Decision-Making in India,” examines the reliability, admissibility, and judicial interpretation of trajectory analysis. Using a doctrinal approach, the research analyzes high-profile cases such as State of Madhya Pradesh. v. Paltan Mallah, (2005), Ram Narain Singh v. State of Punjab, Sohrabuddin Sheikh Encounter Case (2018), and Sukhwant Singh v. State of Punjab (1995)to explore how courts weigh ballistic evidence in criminal adjudication. The findings indicate that trajectory analysis is scientifically robust and invaluable for reconstructing crime scenes; however, its judicial impact is moderated by conflicting expert opinions, lack of standardized protocols, and the advisory status of expert testimony under Section 39 of Bharathiya Sakshya Adhiniyam. High-profile cases demonstrate its potential when corroborated with other evidence. The study concludes with recommendations for standardized forensic procedures, judicial training in ballistics, digital trajectory modeling, and better collaboration between medical and ballistic experts, to enhance the evidentiary weight of bullet trajectory analysis in India.
Keywords	Forensic Ballistics, Bullet Trajectory, Crime Scene Reconstruction, Judicial Decision-Making, High-Profile Cases, India
Published In	Volume 7, Issue 6, November-December 2025
Published On	2025-11-18
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i06.60947

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“From Barrel to Bench: A Critical Study of Bullet Trajectory Analysis in Crime Scene Reconstruction and Judicial Decision-Making in India,”

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