Governance and Growth in a Resilient India (1991–2025)

Abdur Rehman

doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i06.60956

Governance and Growth in a Resilient India (1991–2025)

Author(s)	Mr. Abdur Rehman
Country	India
Abstract	This study examines the evolution of India’s economic growth and governance architecture from 1991 to 2025, analysing how institutional reforms, policy innovation, and digital transformation shaped the country’s resilience to internal and external shocks. India's economy shifted from being state-led to being market-oriented with the liberalization of 1991. This shift was first fuelled by exogenous factors like foreign capital inflows, technical imports, and global integration. With the backing of initiatives like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Digital India, and Startup India, growth dynamics eventually moved in toward endogenous drivers like innovation, human capital, and institutional development. The study assesses important governance innovations, including as the Right to Information Act (2005), Aadhaar-enabled Direct Benefit Transfers, the Goods and Services Tax (2017), and e-Governance platforms, demonstrating how these improved state capacity, efficiency, and transparency. The study shows that adaptive governance and institutional learning were fundamental to India's resilience to crises, including the 1991 BoP crisis, the 2008 global financial crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic, by combining the Solow-Swan model, endogenous growth theory, and institutional economics. The results show that the development of human capital, digital governance, and inclusive institutions have all played a key role in India's resilient and sustainable growth trajectory. The study concludes that strengthening institutional quality, fostering innovation, and embedding environmental sustainability will be crucial for India’s post-2025 development agenda.
Keywords	Liberalisation, Governance Reforms, Economic Resilience, Endogenous and Exogenous Growth, Institutional Economics, Digital Governance, Aadhaar & DBT, GST Reform, Human Capital, Innovation-led Growth, Public Policy, India’s Economic Development (1991–2025)
Field	Sociology > Politics
Published In	Volume 7, Issue 6, November-December 2025
Published On	2025-11-22
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i06.60956
Short DOI	https://doi.org/

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Governance and Growth in a Resilient India (1991–2025)

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