Software Security in Digital Twins and Cyber-Physical Systems: review paper

Author(s)	Ms. Amna Hassan Ali AL-Shidi
Country	Oman
Abstract	Abstract Digital twins (DTs) are essential components of cyber-physical systems (CPSs), enabling monitoring, analytics, predictions, and process improvement. However, their integration and deployment into the infrastructure can pose significant security risks, potentially exposing software vulnerabilities and cyber threats and challenges. This study explains and examines the role of software in digital twin-based CPSs, focusing largely on the key security challenges and solutions. Through a literature review, the study highlights software shortcomings, such as low-quality encryption, outdated protocols that require updating, and unauthorized access that could compromise the digital domain and lead to data loss. The study also explains various security models, including zero-trust architectures and secure multiparty computing, to enhance the resilience of digital twins against cyber threats. The findings also highlight the need for continuous and ongoing development of security processes to ensure data integrity, security, reliability, and privacy in digital twin-enabled CPS environments.
Keywords	Keywords: Software Security; Digital Twins.
Field	Computer Applications
Published In	Volume 8, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On	2026-01-25
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i01.61648

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