International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Volume 7 Issue 6
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Human Rights Violations and Challenges in Maritime Law: A Critical Examination

Author(s) Mr. Avinash S Nair, Dr. Sudhir Kumar
Country India
Abstract Abstract
Human rights protections at sea remain significantly weaker and less visible than their terrestrial counterparts, despite the maritime sector’s indispensable role in global trade and economic stability. Seafarers and other maritime workers often face systemic violations—including forced labor, abandonment, unsafe working conditions, denial of medical assistance, limited access to justice, and criminalization for maritime accidents—made worse by complex jurisdictional barriers and fragmented regulatory frameworks. While instruments such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC, 2006), and human rights treaties provide nominal protections, enforcement gaps persist due to Flags of Convenience (FOCs), weak port-state oversight, private actors’ dominance, and insufficiencies in domestic implementation. Emerging issues—maritime migration, piracy, climate change, autonomous shipping, and fisheries-related human trafficking—further challenge existing legal structures. This article analyzes the multifaceted nature of human rights violations at sea, critiques the international and national legal frameworks, and identifies structural barriers that prevent effective enforcement. It concludes by proposing reforms for strengthening global governance mechanisms to ensure that maritime labor standards evolve to meet contemporary human rights needs
Keywords Keywords: human rights at sea; seafarers’ rights; maritime labour; Maritime Labour Convention; Flags of Convenience; maritime law challenges; abandonment of seafarers; forced labour at sea; port state control; maritime migration; piracy; UNCLOS; international maritime regulation.
Field Sociology > Administration / Law / Management
Published In Volume 7, Issue 6, November-December 2025
Published On 2025-11-24
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i06.61744
Short DOI https://doi.org/hbcntz
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