International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Small State, Big Influence – Nepal’s Role in South Asian Diplomacy

Author(s) Mr. Abhishek Pushkar, Ms. Anjali Tomar, Prof. Dr. Jai Kumar Saroha
Country India
Abstract This research explores how Nepal, a traditionally small and landlocked state, has asserted disproportionate diplomatic influence in the complex geopolitical landscape of South Asia. Drawing on theories of small state behavior, complex interdependence, and strategic hedging, the study aims to understand the mechanisms and strategies through which Nepal navigates the competing interests of regional giants India and China. Employing a qualitative case study methodology, the research analyzes four critical episodes: Nepal’s neutral posture during India–China tensions (2017–2020), its constitutional map amendment asserting territorial claims (2020), its use of electricity diplomacy to foster energy interdependence with India (2022–2024), and its multilateral engagements in SAARC and BIMSTEC. Data is sourced from government documents, diplomatic statements, regional treaties, and expert interviews. Findings indicate that Nepal leverages soft power, strategic neutrality, and issue-based diplomacy to enhance its agency without provoking direct confrontation. These insights challenge conventional realist notions of small states as passive actors and emphasize their potential to influence regional norms and institutions. The paper contributes to small state theory and South Asian diplomatic studies by offering a nuanced understanding of how minor powers assert autonomy and relevance amid major power rivalries. It also suggests implications for designing inclusive and balanced regional governance frameworks.
Keywords Border Diplomacy, Electricity Interdependence, Energy Security, India–Nepal Relations, Strategic Deterrence.
Published In Volume 7, Issue 6, November-December 2025
Published On 2025-12-14
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i06.62477
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