International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Circadian Disruption to Cognitive Impairment: Integrating Depression, Sleep, and Immune Biomarkers

Author(s) Mr. Avinash R
Country India
Abstract Circadian sleep disruption is a prominent contributor to cognitive impairment, with growing evidence pointing to the mediating roles of depressive symptoms and immune dysregulation. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) models indicate that irregular sleep schedules alter homeostatic sleep pressure, dysregulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, and elevate inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cortisol (Besedovsky et al., 2019; Irwin & Opp, 2017). Depression further magnifies this pathway by promoting immune activation and reducing neurotrophic signaling, particularly brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Castrén & Hen, 2013). These biologically driven alterations collectively impair attention, working memory, and executive functioning (Franzen & Buysse, 2019). This narrative review synthesizes multidisciplinary evidence demonstrating how sleep irregularities lead to cognitive dysfunction through depression-mediated immune and neuroendocrine mechanisms. A biomarker-driven model is proposed to highlight inflammatory and neurotrophic pathways linking circadian disruption and cognitive decline. Understanding these pathways offers opportunities for integrative therapeutic strategies including sleep-schedule modification, anti-inflammatory interventions, and mood-focused treatments to attenuate cognitive impairment.
Keywords circadian disruption; sleep irregularity; inflammation; C-reactive protein,interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, cortisol, BDNF, depression, cognitive impairment, psychoneuroimmunology.
Field Biology > Medical / Physiology
Published In Volume 7, Issue 6, November-December 2025
Published On 2025-12-11
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i06.63202
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