Evaluating the Effectiveness of Low Cost Sensors for Non Invasive Detection of Shallow Buried Archaeological Artifacts

Author(s)	Devika Manoj Nair, Hrithveka Kishor Kumar, Johan Tom, Sameer Armaan Sewal, Ansh Alok Chauhan
Country	India
Abstract	Non invasive technology is becoming more relevant for the field of archaeology because it allows for the location of hidden artifacts without the destruction of the environment. But specialized instruments like Ground Penetrating Radar or high quality magnetometers are out of the price range for most researchers. This paper investigates the usefulness of low cost ultrasonic, infrared, and magnetometer sensors for the location of shallowly buried artifacts in sand, clay, and mixed gravel soils. Testing with ceramic, metal, bone, and stone artifacts indicates that the ultrasonic sensor is effective in sand, the infrared sensor has very shallow range limitations, and the magnetometer has the highest location accuracy for metal objects.
Keywords	Archaeological surveying, ground penetrating radar, ultrasonic detection, infrared reflectance, magnetometry, non invasive archaeology
Field	Sociology > Archaeology / History
Published In	Volume 8, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On	2026-01-22
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i01.63996

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