International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Human Security in the 21st Century: India’s Negotiation with Non-Traditional Threats, Governance Gaps, and Policy Futures

Author(s) Mr. Pravinder
Country India
Abstract Background: The concept of human security has fundamentally reoriented security studies away from territorial defense toward the protection of individuals from persistent, non-traditional threats. In the 21st century, India faces a dense and interlocking array of such threats, including economic precarity, health system fragility, educational degradation, gendered vulnerability, and institutional governance deficits. Despite sustained policy expansion and democratic legitimacy, human security outcomes remain uneven, revealing deep structural constraints.
Objective: This paper critically examines India’s human security landscape by analyzing how non-traditional threats are generated, mediated, and reproduced through governance arrangements, institutional capacity, and policy design. It advances the argument that India’s human security challenges stem less from resource scarcity and more from fragmented, compliance-oriented governance that insufficiently centers human well-being, trust, and institutional ethics.
Methods: The study adopts a qualitative, analytical approach grounded in political economy and public policy analysis. It synthesizes human security theory with sectoral evidence drawn from education, labour, public health, and gender-focused policy domains. The analysis integrates insights from empirical and conceptual scholarship on governance, institutional climate, professional well-being, and policy implementation in the Indian context.
Results: The analysis indicates that non-traditional security threats in India are not isolated or sporadic; rather, they are structurally integrated and mutually reinforcing. Educational stress, occupational insecurity, gendered labour vulnerability, and declining organisational trust emerge as critical yet under-theorised dimensions of human security. Governance cultures, leadership practices, and institutional value systems play a decisive role in shaping these outcomes, frequently intensifying vulnerability rather than mitigating it. While digital governance and emerging technologies offer significant potential to enhance service delivery and inclusion, they also risk reproducing exclusion and surveillance-driven control in the absence of ethical, human-centric frameworks.
Conclusion: Reframing human security in India requires a decisive shift from state-centric control paradigms toward governance models rooted in institutional ethics, professional well-being, and social trust. Human security must be treated as a foundational outcome of governance rather than a residual policy concern. This paper enhances security studies and public policy scholarship by emphasising the institutional and governance factors that contribute to insecurity, while also providing a comprehensive framework for promoting human security in expansive, heterogeneous democracies.
Keywords Human Security; Non-Traditional Threats; Governance; Public Policy; India; Institutional Capacity; Social Vulnerability
Field Arts
Published In Volume 8, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On 2026-01-08
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i01.65556
Short DOI https://doi.org/
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