International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Supply Chain Resilience and Port Congestion: Insights from U.S. Port Operations

Author(s) Mr. Sai Jathin Raju C, Prof. Rupasi
Country India
Abstract Global supply chains rely heavily on the efficient functioning of seaports, which serve as critical gateways linking maritime transportation with inland logistics networks. Port congestion disrupts these flows by increasing vessel turnaround times, reducing schedule reliability, and amplifying delays across upstream
and downstream supply chain activities. In recent years, global disruptions have exposed structural vulnerabilities in port operations, raising important questions about supply chain resilience and the ability of logistics systems to adapt under sustained stress. This study examines the evolution of port congestion
in U.S. ports by comparing vessel turnaround performance before and after major global disruptions, using 2019 as a pre-disruption benchmark and 2023 as a post-disruption observation year. The analysis is based exclusively on data obtained from the UNCTAD Port Calls database, which provides standardized indicators on vessel activity and median time spent in port. Median turnaround time is employed as the primary measure of congestion, as it offers a robust representation of typical port performance while limiting the influence of extreme outliers. The findings reveal that overall port congestion in U.S. ports increased between 2019 and 2023, with median time spent in port rising for most
vessel categories. This indicates that port performance in 2023 had not fully returned to pre-disruption efficiency levels. However, the magnitude and direction of congestion changes varied significantly across vessel types. Dry bulk carriers experienced the most pronounced deterioration in turnaround times, suggesting structural constraints and limited operational flexibility in bulk-handling supply chains. Container ships and liquid bulk carriers showed more moderate increases, reflecting comparatively higher levels of operational maturity, technological integration, and coordination within these segments. LNG carriers exhibited moderate deterioration, while LPG carriers emerged as a notable exception, demonstrating an improvement in median turnaround time relative to 2019. From a supply chain management perspective, these results highlight the uneven nature of resilience across maritime logistics segments. Supply chains optimized primarily for efficiency under stable conditions prior to 2019 appear to have struggled to adapt to prolonged uncertainty and variability by 2023. In
contrast, segments characterized by standardized processes, dedicated infrastructure, or adaptive operational practices exhibited greater resilience or even performance improvement. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of supply chain resilience by demonstrating how changes in port
congestion reflect deeper structural characteristics of maritime logistics systems.
Keywords supply chain, port congestion, gobal disruptions
Field Business Administration
Published In Volume 8, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On 2026-01-22
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i01.67033
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