International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Ecotoxicological Impact of Pesticides on Pollinators and Biodiversity

Author(s) Mr. Yash Udaybhanu More, Ms. Manisha Shivaji Belure
Country India
Abstract The extensive use of pesticides has become an integral component of modern agriculture, supporting crop protection and food security worldwide. However, growing evidence indicates that these chemicals pose serious risks to pollinators and non-target biodiversity. Pollinators such as bees, butterflies and other insects are essential for crop production, plant reproduction, and the maintenance of ecosystem stability, yet they are increasingly exposed to pesticides through contaminated nectar, pollen, soil and water. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the ecotoxicological effects of pesticides on pollinators and broader biodiversity, drawing on evidence from laboratory studies, semi-field experiments and field observations.
The review examines major pesticide groups used in agriculture, including insecticides, herbicides and fungicides with particular emphasis on widely applied chemical classes such as neonicotinoids, organophosphates, pyrethroids and carbamates. It highlights both lethal and sub lethal effects on pollinators, including behavioral impairment, reduced reproductive success, immune suppression, developmental abnormalities and colony level impacts. Beyond pollinators, pesticides are shown to adversely affect beneficial arthropods, soil invertebrates, vertebrates and aquatic organisms, leading to disruptions in food webs and ecosystem processes.
The findings underscore significant limitations in current pesticide risk assessment frameworks, which often underestimate chronic, sub lethal and mixture effects under realistic environmental conditions. The review emphasizes the need for more comprehensive ecotoxicological evaluations and sustainable agricultural practices to reduce pesticide related risks. Strengthening regulatory policies and promoting integrated pest management are essential steps toward protecting pollinators, conserving biodiversity and ensuring long term ecosystem resilience.
Keywords Pesticides; Pollinators; Ecotoxicology; Biodiversity; Non target organisms; Sub lethal effects; Ecosystem services; Sustainable agriculture
Field Medical / Pharmacy
Published In Volume 8, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On 2026-01-23
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i01.67236
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