International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Nyāya Logic and Western Epistemology: Towards a Comparative Theory of Knowledge

Author(s) Dr. Mukul Bala
Country India
Abstract This study explores the epistemological dialogue between Nyāya logic of classical Indian philosophy and Western epistemology, aiming to develop a comparative theory of knowledge. Nyāya epistemology, codified in the Nyāya Sūtras of Gautama, presents a pluralistic framework of four pramāṇas—perception (pratyakṣa), inference (anumāna), comparison (upamāna), and verbal testimony (śabda). It situates valid cognition (pramā) not only as a theoretical achievement but also as an instrumental means for the attainment of liberation (mokṣa). Western epistemology, from Plato’s concept of knowledge as justified true belief to the analytic refinements of Russell, Quine, and Williamson, has traditionally emphasized perception and inference, often underestimating the role of testimony in knowledge formation. By placing these two traditions in dialogue, this paper identifies points of convergence in rational inquiry and logical methodology, as well as divergences in the treatment of epistemic sources, the role of metaphysics, and the ultimate purpose of knowledge. It proposes a comparative theory of knowledge that integrates the analytical precision of Western philosophy with the pluralistic inclusivity of Nyāya, offering insights for contemporary debates in cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and cross-cultural philosophy.
Keywords Keywords: Nyāya logic, epistemology, pramāṇa, comparative philosophy, justified true belief, cognitive science, artificial intelligence
Field Sociology > Philosophy / Psychology / Religion
Published In Volume 8, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On 2026-02-04
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i01.68082
Short DOI https://doi.org/hbnpz4
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