International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Feminisation of Vulnerable Employment- Evidence from Indian States

Author(s) Dr. Sweta Lahiri
Country India
Abstract The paper is an endeavour to study the feminisation of vulnerable employment across Indian states using the data from the recent Periodic Labour Force Surveys (PLFS). The plight of vulnerable employment has been miserable for women despite a continuous rise in the educational enrolment and rate of labour force participation among them. They are nearly 12 percentage points more likely to be in the stated category (60 per cent of female employment) than male workers. Across the General Category States (GCS), the incidence is alarming in Uttar Pradesh, followed by Rajasthan, Bihar and Jharkhand. Among the non-farm sectors, the highest feminisation of vulnerable employment is observed in Manufacturing and Retail trade. Using the Multinomial Logit model, we have estimated the impact of education and vocational/ technical training on the probability of different categories of vulnerable employment among female workers of rural and urban areas. In the rural area, consecutive levels of ‘general education’, ‘early experience’, and ‘formal vocational training’ exert an instrumental role in reducing the feminisation of the most vulnerable employment category. The incidence is likely to be reduced only after acquiring a college or equivalent education in urban area. One alarming observation is that any formal training enhances the probability of being own-account workers. One distinguishing observation is that female workers from reserved castes are now comparatively better off in employment outcomes than the unreserved category in GCS
Keywords Vulnerable employment; Gender bias; World Development Indicators; PLFS; Logit
Field Sociology > Economics
Published In Volume 8, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On 2026-02-12
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i01.68731
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