International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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A Review on Gibberellic Acid (GA) mediated regulation of storage mobilization in cotyledons during seed germination

Author(s) Dr. Lily Pal
Country India
Abstract Seed germination in higher plants is a tightly regulated developmental process that depends on the efficient mobilization of stored reserves to support early seedling growth. In dicotyledonous seeds, cotyledons function as the primary storage organs, accumulating proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids during seed maturation. Gibberellic acid (GA), a diterpenoid plant hormone, plays a central regulatory role in initiating and coordinating the mobilization of these reserves. Although GA-mediated reserve mobilization has been extensively characterized in cereal endosperm, its regulatory mechanisms in dicot cotyledons remain comparatively less understood. During germination, GA synthesized in the embryo acts as a key signaling molecule that stimulates the production and activation of hydrolytic enzymes responsible for degrading storage proteins, starch, and triacylglycerols. Protein mobilization involves the conversion of protein storage vacuoles into lytic compartments and the coordinated synthesis and trafficking of proteases. Carbohydrate degradation is mediated by amylases, phosphorylases, and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes, while lipid reserves are mobilized through lipase activity, β-oxidation, and the glyoxylate cycle. At the molecular level, GA perception via the GID1–DELLA signaling module activates GAMYB-dependent transcription of hydrolytic genes, integrating Ca²⁺ signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways. Reserve mobilization in dicot seeds is further influenced by source–sink interactions between the embryonic axis and cotyledons. This review highlights the biochemical and physiological mechanisms by which GA facilitates the mobilization of storage reserves such as starch, proteins, and lipids in cotyledonary tissues. Emphasis is placed on the hormonal regulation of hydrolytic enzymes, particularly α-amylase and proteases, and the signal transduction pathways activated during germination.
Keywords Gibberellic acid (GA), α-amylase, storage mobilization, cotyledon, aleurone layer
Field Biology > Agriculture / Botany
Published In Volume 8, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On 2026-02-18
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