The Impact of Problem-Based Learning on Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in Secondary Geography: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Author(s)	Mr. Sabyasachi Das, Prof. Dr. Bhujendra Nath Panda, Prof. Dr. Bimal Charan Swain
Country	India
Abstract	This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) method in enhancing Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) among secondary school geography students. Using a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test control groups, the research involved IX students from a CBSE school KV. NO. 2 Angul, Odisha. Quantitative analysis, including independent t-tests was used to measure improvements in critical thinking, analysis, and evaluation. Findings indicate that PBL significantly outperforms traditional lecture-based methods, particularly in indicators like proposing alternative solutions and abstract thinking.
Keywords	Problem – Based Learning (PBL), Higher – Order Thinking (HOTS), Critical thinking.
Published In	Volume 8, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On	2026-02-20
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i01.69374

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International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research