Zinc Oxide (ZnO): A Comprehensive Academic Review of Materials, Nanostructures, and Multifunctional Applications

Author(s)	Limtu Jugli
Country	India
Abstract	Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a multifunctional II–VI semiconductor with a wide direct band gap (~3.37 eV), high exciton binding energy (~60 meV), and strong piezoelectric response. Its versatile electronic, optical, and chemical properties have enabled applications across optoelectronics, photodetectors, sensors, energy devices, photocatalysis, and biomedicine. Engineering ZnO into diverse nanostructures nanoparticles, nanorods, nanowires, nanosheets, and hierarchical architectures has dramatically enhanced performance. This review synthesizes recent advances in ZnO materials science, synthesis strategies, and device implementations. Key engineering strategies including doping, composite formation, heterostructure design, and hybrid systems are highlighted. Challenges in scalability, defect control, and biocompatibility are discussed, alongside future directions for intelligent, multifunctional, and environmentally sustainable ZnO-based technologies.
Field	Physics > Nano Technology / Nuclear
Published In	Volume 8, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On	2026-02-22
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i01.69629

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