International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Anumana Pramana in Ayurveda: A Critical Review of Inferential Epistemology, Classical Conceptual Framework, and Translational Relevance to Integrative Medicine

Author(s) Dr. Ajitsinh Khodubha Gohil, Prof. Dr. Lokeshchandra Govindshankar Sharma, Prof. Dr. Sangram Rabindra Mishra, Dr. Harshkumar Nileshkumar Pandya
Country India
Abstract Background: Anumana Pramana (inferential reasoning) acts as a foundational epistemological tool in Ayurveda, enabling the comprehension of imperceptible biomedical entities such as Tridosha, Dhatu, Ojas, and Agni through structured logical processes. Rooted in Nyaya and Vaisheshika Darshana, this methodology exhibits alignment with contemporary clinical reasoning models, including abductive, deductive, and inductive inference. Nevertheless, Anumana Pramana has not been thoroughly investigated in terms of systematic conceptual analysis, interdisciplinary integration, or translational research validation.
Objectives: The objectives of this review are to (i) clarify the classical conceptual framework of Anumana Pramana as delineated in Bruhat-Trayi, Laghu-Trayi, and related philosophical texts, (ii) examine its structural and functional parallels with modern clinical reasoning, cognitive science, and sensory physiology, (iii) identify methodological research gaps, and (iv) propose future research directions for integrative medicine.
Methods: This narrative critical review followed a PRISMA-informed literature search across databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, AYUSH Research Portal, DHARA, and ScopeMed. The review also included classical Ayurveda texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya) and Darshana literature (Nyaya Sutra, Tarkasangraha, Vaisheshika Sutra). Inclusion criteria were original articles, review articles, classical commentaries, and philosophical treatises on Anumana, Pramana, inference, and Ayurveda epistemology published between 2000 and 2025 in English and Sanskrit.
Results: Anumana Pramana operates via a structured five-membered syllogism (Panchavayava), governed by invariable concomitance (Vyapti) and cause-effect reasoning (Karya-Karana Siddhanta) across three temporal dimensions. Structural parallels are evident with Peircean abductive inference, Bayesian diagnostic reasoning, and pattern-recognition models in clinical neuroscience. Preliminary Ayurgenomics research provides molecular validation for the inferential Tridosha theory.
Conclusion: Anumana Pramana constitutes a philosophically robust, clinically relevant, and potentially translatable epistemological framework. Rigorous interdisciplinary research that integrates classical Ayurveda epistemology with contemporary cognitive and biomedical science is warranted.
Keywords Anumana, Pramana, Ayurveda, Inference, Nyaya Darshana, Clinical Reasoning, Epistemology, Integrative Medicine
Field Medical / Pharmacy
Published In Volume 8, Issue 2, March-April 2026
Published On 2026-03-03
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i02.70535
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