Green Time Scale: Development and Psychometric Validation

Neetu CHAUDHARY; Preet Kumari

doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i02.70870

Green Time Scale: Development and Psychometric Validation

Author(s)	Ms. Neetu CHAUDHARY, Dr. Preet Kumari
Country	India
Abstract	Abstract Rapid urbanization and the widespread use of digital devices have significantly reduced the time individuals spend in natural environments, which can negatively affect psychological well-being. The present study aimed to develop and validate the Green Time Scale (GTS), a brief self-report instrument designed to measure the extent of engagement with green spaces among Indian university students. An initial pool of sixteen items was generated based on existing literature and relevant theoretical frameworks, including the Attention Restoration Theory and Biophilia Hypothesis. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using minimum residual extraction with oblimin rotation refined the scale to nine items, revealing a primarily unidimensional structure suitable for measuring engagement with natural environments. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) further supported the one-factor model, with acceptable fit indices (CFI = 0.931, TLI = 0.909). The item-level variance explained by the nine retained items ranged from 0.230 to 0.598, with a total variance of 4.092, accounting for approximately 45.5% of the maximum possible variance. The Average Variance Extracted (AVE) was calculated as 0.455, indicating that nearly half of the variance in the observed items is explained by the latent construct, Green Time. The scale demonstrated high internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha (α = 0.866) and McDonald’s omega (ω = 0.883), reflecting strong reliability. Items with higher loadings (Items 4, 5, 6, and 7) contributed most to the AVE, while items with slightly lower loadings (Items 11, 13, and 16) were retained for their theoretical relevance in capturing experiential aspects of green time. Overall, the findings indicate that the Green Time Scale is a reliable, valid, and practical instrument for assessing engagement with natural environments. It can be effectively applied in research and applied settings to study the relationship between time spent in green spaces and psychological well-being, emotional regulation, and related outcomes. The GTS fills an important gap by providing a culturally adapted, psychometrically robust tool for measuring green time in India.
Keywords	Green time, reliability, construct validity, EFA, CFA,AVE, Variance, and University students
Field	Sociology > Philosophy / Psychology / Religion
Published In	Volume 8, Issue 2, March-April 2026
Published On	2026-03-14
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i02.70870

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Green Time Scale: Development and Psychometric Validation

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