Lactose Intolerance: Pathophysiology, Etiology, Clinical Implications, and Evidence-Based Management

Safaa Ali

doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i02.72844

Lactose Intolerance: Pathophysiology, Etiology, Clinical Implications, and Evidence-Based Management

Author(s)	Ms. Safaa Ali
Country	India
Abstract	Lactose intolerance is a prevalent gastrointestinal condition resulting from the insufficient activity of the enzyme lactase in the small intestine, leading to impaired digestion of lactose. Lactose, a disaccharide present in milk and dairy products, must be hydrolyzed into glucose and galactose for absorption. In individuals with lactase deficiency, undigested lactose passes into the colon, where it undergoes bacterial fermentation, producing gas and osmotic effects that lead to symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and flatulence. The condition may arise due to genetic regulation of lactase expression, intestinal injury, or rare congenital defects. Lactase activity is typically high during infancy but decreases after weaning in many populations, explaining the onset of symptoms in adolescence or adulthood. Although lactose intolerance is not life-threatening, it can significantly impact nutritional status and quality of life if not properly managed. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms underlying lactose intolerance, its causes, clinical manifestations, long-term consequences, and current management strategies. Emphasis is placed on dietary interventions and the role of enzyme supplementation in improving patient outcomes.
Keywords	Lactose intolerance, lactase deficiency, lactose malabsorption, gastrointestinal physiology, enzyme deficiency, dietary management, gut microbiota.
Field	Biology > Bio + Chemistry
Published In	Volume 8, Issue 2, March-April 2026
Published On	2026-03-29
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i02.72844

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Lactose Intolerance: Pathophysiology, Etiology, Clinical Implications, and Evidence-Based Management

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