International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Volume 8 Issue 2
March-April 2026

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Probiotic–Pathogen Interactions in the Human Microbiome: Mechanisms of Antagonism and Therapeutic Potential Against Infectious Diseases

Author(s) Dr. Khushbu Gautam
Country India
Abstract Abstract
The human microbiome contains trillions of microorganisms that interact dynamically with host physiology and immune systems. Among these microbes, probiotic bacteria play a crucial role in maintaining microbial balance and protecting the host from pathogenic organisms. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that confer health benefits when administered in adequate amounts. Increasing evidence suggests that probiotics interact directly and indirectly with pathogenic microbes through mechanisms including bacteriocin production, competitive exclusion, immune modulation, and biofilm disruption. These interactions contribute to the prevention and management of infectious diseases, particularly those involving gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital pathogens.
Recent studies highlight that probiotic strains such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus species can inhibit pathogen colonization by producing antimicrobial metabolites and occupying ecological niches that pathogens would otherwise exploit. Probiotics also stimulate host immune responses by interacting with intestinal epithelial cells and immune receptors, thereby enhancing innate and adaptive immunity. Furthermore, probiotic metabolites including short-chain fatty acids, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins play a critical role in suppressing pathogen growth and virulence.
This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the interactions between probiotics and pathogenic microorganisms, emphasizing molecular mechanisms, antimicrobial activity, immune modulation, and clinical implications. Understanding these interactions may facilitate the development of novel probiotic-based therapies to combat antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and improve host health.
Keywords Keywords: probiotics, pathogenic bacteria, microbiome, bacteriocins, immune modulation, microbial competition.
Field Biology > Bio + Chemistry
Published In Volume 8, Issue 2, March-April 2026
Published On 2026-04-12
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E-ISSN 2582-2160
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