International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Volume 8 Issue 2
March-April 2026

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Echoes of Cruelty: A Psychological Review of Bullying and Resilience Building Among Adolescents

Author(s) Ms Shradha Bisht
Country India
Abstract Bullying and peer victimization remain pervasive global concerns that profoundly influence adolescent psychological and neurobiological development. This review synthesizes findings from ninety-seven empirical and theoretical studies published between 2015 and 2025 to examine the psychological consequences, neural mechanisms, and resilience pathways associated with bullying. Evidence indicates that repeated victimization is strongly correlated with depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and cognitive impairments, revealing that social pain is biologically embedded within neural circuits of emotion and reward. Functional neuroimaging studies highlight hyperactivation in the anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala, as well as dysregulation in the ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex, reflecting heightened emotional sensitivity and diminished regulatory control.

At the psychosocial level, bullying perpetuates cycles of trauma that erode self-esteem, belongingness, and academic engagement. Yet, across diverse cultural and socioeconomic contexts, adolescents demonstrate notable resilience when supported by empathic relationships, parental warmth, and safe school environments. Whole-school anti-bullying interventions, cognitive-behavioral training, trauma-informed educational practices, and social-emotional learning programs have shown measurable reductions in victimization and improvements in well-being. Integrating Social Pain Overlap Theory with Resilience Theory, this review argues that bullying is both a psychosocial stressor and a developmental inflection point capable of fostering growth under the right protective conditions.

Despite methodological heterogeneity and language-based publication bias, converging evidence suggests that fostering empathy and connectedness can biologically and psychologically counteract the effects of peer cruelty. The findings underscore that preventing bullying extends beyond behavioral correction; it represents a moral, developmental, and neuropsychological imperative to cultivate compassionate, resilient learning communities.
Keywords bullying, peer victimization, resilience, adolescence, neurobiology, social pain, empathy, mental health
Field Sociology > Philosophy / Psychology / Religion
Published In Volume 8, Issue 2, March-April 2026
Published On 2026-04-05
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E-ISSN 2582-2160
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