International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Volume 8 Issue 2
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Hidden Trauma and Silent Resilience: Examining the Paradox of Low Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Incarcerated Women in the Philippines

Author(s) Ms. Jennifer Mazo Lulu, Dr. Leah M Donato, Dr Linnet D Gahar, Atty Reynaldo Esmeralda, Ms. Medelyn Lacunsay, Ms. Redelyn F Dupaya, Ms. Darwynn Estillore
Country Philippines
Abstract ABSTRACT
This study examined the demographic profile, childhood traumatic experiences, post-traumatic stress symptom (PTSS) levels, and exposure to distressing life events among 231 persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) at the Correctional Institution for Women (CIW). The majority were adults aged 25–44, predominantly single, and had attained secondary education, reflecting socio-economic vulnerabilities linked to criminal behavior. Despite some adverse childhood experiences, respondents generally reported strong familial support, indicating resilience-promoting early environments. PTSS levels were low across key indicators, suggesting emotional resilience possibly bolstered by positive familial relationships and adaptive coping. Exposure to traumatic life events varied, with natural disasters and physical assaults being most common, though some detachment or underreporting was observed. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) and CIW, in collaboration with local government units, non-governmental organizations, and relevant government agencies, implement targeted psychological support, enhance family and social reintegration programs, and expand educational and vocational training. Continuous trauma and resilience assessments, awareness campaigns on emotional abuse, and strengthened peer support systems within correctional settings are also advised to promote mental health and successful reintegration of female PDLs.
Keywords Persons Deprived of Liberty, Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Women, Traumatic Experiences of Women, Distressing Life Events
Field Sociology > Administration / Law / Management
Published In Volume 8, Issue 2, March-April 2026
Published On 2026-04-14
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i02.74473
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