International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

A Widely Indexed Open Access Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary Bi-monthly Scholarly International Journal

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Illegal Sand Mining in India: A Study of Green Crime and Organized Criminal Networks

Author(s) Ms. Aishwarya Prashant Ghosalkar, Ms. Laiba Sakir Chaudhary
Country India
Abstract Sand is one of the most widely used natural resources in the world and is essential for construction and infrastructure development. In India, rapid urbanisation, population growth, and expansion of the construction sector have significantly increased the demand for river sand. As a result, sand mining has expanded rapidly across many states. While regulated sand extraction is permitted for development purposes, weak enforcement of environmental laws has allowed large-scale illegal mining to emerge. Over time, illegal sand mining has become linked with organised criminal groups, commonly known as the “sand mafia,” who operate through corruption, political protection, and violence.
Uncontrolled sand extraction has serious environmental consequences. It damages river ecosystems, increases water pollution, lowers groundwater levels, and causes erosion of riverbanks. At the same time, it affects the livelihoods of local communities such as fishermen, farmers, and small-scale miners who depend on river resources. Therefore, illegal sand mining is not only an environmental issue but also a governance and socio-economic problem. Understanding the scale, causes, and impacts of this activity is essential for developing effective policies and ensuring sustainable management of natural resources.
Keywords Green Criminology, Sand Mafia, Political-Criminal Nexus, Socio-Economic Vulnerability, Criminal Economy
Published In Volume 8, Issue 2, March-April 2026
Published On 2026-04-13
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i02.74630
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