International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Impact of Geomagnetic Storms on the Earth’s Ionosphere: A Multi-Latitude foF2 Study During Solar Cycle 25

Author(s) Ms. Nisha Kohli, Suman Garia
Country India
Abstract Abstract: This study investigates the impact of geomagnetic storms (GSs) on the Earth’s ionosphere during Solar Cycle 25 using the disturbance storm time (Dst) index and the critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2). Four intense GS events occurring on 24 April 2023, 11 May 2024, 12 November 2025, and 20 January 2026 were analyzed. Ionosonde data from low-, mid-, and high-latitude stations were used to examine the latitudinal variation of ionospheric response. The results show that GSs produce significant and non-uniform changes in foF2 across different regions. High-latitude stations exhibit strong fluctuations and depletion due to particle precipitation and enhanced electrodynamic processes. Low-latitude regions generally show delayed responses, often characterized by an initial decrease followed by recovery or enhancement, associated with penetration electric fields and disturbance dynamo effects. Mid-latitude stations display mixed behavior with both positive and negative storm effects depending on the storm phase. The May 2024 event shows the strongest disturbance, highlighting the influence of storm intensity on ionospheric variability. Overall, the study confirms that ionospheric responses to GSs are highly dependent on latitude, local time, and thermosphere–ionosphere coupling processes. These findings contribute to a better understanding of space weather effects and are important for improving prediction models and mitigating impacts on communication and navigation systems.
Keywords Key words: Geomagnetic storms (GS) , Ionosphere , F2-layer , foF2 variability , Dst index , Space weather, solar cycle 25
Field Physical Science
Published In Volume 8, Issue 2, March-April 2026
Published On 2026-04-23
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i02.75388
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E-ISSN 2582-2160
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CrossRef DOI prefix of IJFMR is 10.36948/ijfmr

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