International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Volume 8 Issue 3
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Molecular Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Cellular Systems

Author(s) Dr. Dinesh Kumar S, Ms. Kesava Priya MV, Ms. Dharshini Priya M
Country India
Abstract Oxidative stress is a critical physiological condition that occurs when there is an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the capacity of the body’s antioxidant defence system to neutralize them. Under normal conditions, ROS are produced as natural by-products of cellular metabolism, particularly within mitochondria, and play important roles in cell signalling, immune responses, and homeostatic regulation. However, excessive accumulation of ROS leads to oxidative damage affecting essential biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, thereby compromising cellular structure and function. Persistent oxidative stress has been strongly associated with the development and progression of several chronic and degenerative diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative diseases. To counteract these harmful effects, the body employs a sophisticated and highly regulated antioxidant defence network. This system comprises enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, along with non-enzymatic antioxidants including vitamins C and E, glutathione, and plant-derived polyphenols. These antioxidants function by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting oxidative chain reactions, and maintaining redox balance within cells. A thorough understanding of oxidative stress mechanisms and antioxidant responses is essential for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. Moreover, adopting a lifestyle rich in antioxidant-containing foods significantly contributes to minimizing oxidative damage and promoting overall health and disease prevention.
Keywords Oxidative Stress, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Antioxidants, Free Radicals & Lipid Peroxidation
Field Biology
Published In Volume 8, Issue 3, May-June 2026
Published On 2026-05-05
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E-ISSN 2582-2160
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