Advances in Analytical Techniques for Gunshot Residue Detection:Traditional and Emerging Methods in Forensic Science-A Comprehensive Review

RESHMA SANTHOSH; DHANYA R; ATHIRA KS

doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i03.77485

Advances in Analytical Techniques for Gunshot Residue Detection:Traditional and Emerging Methods in Forensic Science-A Comprehensive Review

Author(s)	Ms. RESHMA SANTHOSH, Ms. DHANYA R, Ms. ATHIRA KS
Country	India
Abstract	Gunshot residue (GSR) analysis plays a fundamental role in modern forensic investigations involving firearms. The detection and interpretation of GSR particles help investigators determine whether a suspect discharged, handled, or was in close proximity to a firearm during a shooting event. Over the past decades, numerous analytical techniques have been developed to detect and characterize both inorganic and organic components of GSR. Traditional laboratory based methods such as Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X ray Spectroscopy (SEM EDX), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP MS) have long been considered reliable techniques for GSR detection because of their high sensitivity and elemental specificity. However, evolving ammunition technologies, including lead free primers, and increasing demand for rapid field deployable analysis have encouraged the development of alternative analytical approaches. Emerging techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), portable analytical devices, and novel sensor based technologies are gaining increasing importance in forensic laboratories and crime scene investigations. This review critically evaluates both traditional and emerging analytical techniques used in GSR detection. Comparative analysis of sensitivity, specificity, speed, portability, and cost effectiveness is presented. The review also discusses methodological challenges, including secondary transfer, environmental contamination, and interpretation complexities. Future research directions such as artificial intelligence assisted analysis and miniaturized portable detection technologies are also explored.
Keywords	Gunshot residue, SEM-EDX, Raman Spectroscopy, LIBS, ICP-MS, Forensic Science, Analytical Techniques.
Field	Chemistry
Published In	Volume 8, Issue 3, May-June 2026
Published On	2026-05-07
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i03.77485

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Advances in Analytical Techniques for Gunshot Residue Detection:Traditional and Emerging Methods in Forensic Science-A Comprehensive Review

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