Engagements and Attitudes of Distance Education Students on Community Extension Services Using Exploratory Consequential Mixed-Methods

Mateo Digal Macalaguing

doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i03.78441

Engagements and Attitudes of Distance Education Students on Community Extension Services Using Exploratory Consequential Mixed-Methods

Author(s)	Dr. Mateo Digal Macalaguing
Country	Philippines
Abstract	This study investigated the engagement and attitudes of students toward community extension services within a distance education platform, with the aim of developing a deeper understanding of how non-traditional learners perceive and participate in community-oriented programs. The study sought to identify emerging themes from students’ lived experiences and to quantify the extent of their engagement and attitudes toward community extension initiatives. Employing an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design. In the qualitative phase, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted with selected students to capture insights regarding their experiences, motivations, and perceived barriers to participation in community extension activities. Thematic analysis revealed four major themes: Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, Communal Responsibility, and Recognition of the Community. These themes served as the conceptual basis for the development of a 20-item inventory questionnaire used in the quantitative phase. The researcher-constructed instrument was administered to 92 student-participants enrolled in distance education programs. Descriptive results indicated that the respondents were predominantly part-time students (77%), with a large proportion of employed learners, and 62% were female. The average age was 32.4 years, reflecting a mature student population balancing academic, professional, and family responsibilities. Most respondents were enrolled in Bachelor of Arts programs (72%), while 83% had previously participated in church-based, workplace-based, or school- based community activities. Although 42% reported willingness to participate in planning community extension projects, 58% indicated uncertainty regarding their time availability, highlighting the practical constraints faced by adult distance learners. Quantitative findings demonstrated generally positive attitudes across all four dimensions. Further, among the emerging themes, Communal Responsibility obtained the highest composite mean, indicating that students strongly viewed community extension as a shared social obligation and source of collective accomplishment. This was followed by Recognition of the Community, suggesting that students perceived extension activities as a means of enhancing the image and branding of the communities they serve. Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem also yielded favorable ratings, confirming that participation in extension initiatives reinforces learned skills, builds confidence, and strengthens students’ sense of personal worth. The findings allude that students in distance education possess strong pro-social orientations and positive attitudes toward community engagement despite significant time constraints. The study concludes that higher education institutions offering flexible and online learning should design community extension programs that are adaptable, technology-enabled, and sensitive to the realities of working adult learners. The study proposes a Community Enabling Opportunities Program (CEOP) to provide structured, accessible, and meaningful avenues for student participation in extension services as part of a holistic and quality-assured distance education experience.
Keywords	community extension services, student engagement, distance education, exploratory sequential mixed methods, community enabling opportunities program
Published In	Volume 8, Issue 3, May-June 2026
Published On	2026-05-14
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i03.78441

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Engagements and Attitudes of Distance Education Students on Community Extension Services Using Exploratory Consequential Mixed-Methods

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