International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

A Widely Indexed Open Access Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary Bi-monthly Scholarly International Journal

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Volume 8 Issue 3
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White-Collar Crime in India: Conceptual Frameworks, Theoretical Perspectives, in post 2025 Era

Author(s) Mr. Radesh Rajoria
Country India
Abstract This paper explores the conceptual origins, theoretical underpinnings, typologies, and defining characteristics of white-collar crime, which was first defined by Edwin H. Sutherland in 1939 as financially motivated, non-violent offenses committed by people of high social standing in professional or organizational settings. With a focus on its manifestation in the Indian legal and regulatory context, the study draws on both classical and contemporary criminological theory, including Sutherland's differential association theory, Merton's strain theory, Gottschalk's convenience theory, and Braithwaite's responsive regulation model. The conceptual roots, theoretical foundations, typologies, and distinguishing features of white-collar crime are examined in this essay, with a focus on how it appears in the Indian legal and regulatory framework. The study investigates the complex causes and structural facilitators of economic offenses by drawing on both traditional and modern criminological theory, such as Sutherland's differential association theory, Merton's strain theory, rational choice theory, Gottschalk's convenience theory, and Braithwaite's responsive regulation model. In the post-2025 landscape, the spread of digital technologies, cryptocurrency, and algorithmic finance has greatly increased the scope and sophistication of white-collar crime, posing new challenges for legal frameworks and enforcement agencies. The paper further analyzes dominant typologies, differentiating between occupational and corporate crime, and identifies the hallmark features of white-collar offending: absence of physical violence, exploitation of positions of trust and authority, high complexity, diffuse victimization, and low detection rates. The spread of digital technology, cryptocurrencies, and algorithmic finance has greatly increased the scope and sophistication of white-collar crime in the post-2025 environment, creating new difficulties for regulatory frameworks and law enforcement organizations. The analysis ultimately highlights the necessity of treating economic offenses as a serious category of criminal conduct commensurate with—or exceeding—the systemic harm caused by conventional crime. The paper contends that addressing white-collar crime necessitates a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach that integrates strong legal reform, improved institutional capacity, and proactive corporate governance mechanisms. In the end, the analysis emphasizes how urgent it is to recognize economic offenses as a major category of criminal behavior equal to or greater than the systemic harm caused by traditional crime.
Published In Volume 8, Issue 3, May-June 2026
Published On 2026-05-18
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E-ISSN 2582-2160
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